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McGraw hill structural steel designer''''s handbook
STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGNER’S HANDBOOK Roger L. Brockenbrough Editor R. L. Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Frederick S. Merritt Editor Late Consulting Engineer, West Palm Beach, Florida Third Edition McGRAW-HILL, INC. New York San Francisco Washington, D.C. Auckland Bogota´ Caracas Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi San Juan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Structural steel designer’s handbook / Roger L. Brockenbrough, editor, Frederick S. Merritt, editor.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-07-008782-2 1. Building, Iron and steel. 2. Steel, Structural. I. Brockenbrough, R. L. II. Merritt, Frederick S. TA684.S79 1994 624.1 Ј821—dc20 93-38088 CIP Copyright ᭧ 1999, 1994, 1972 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1234567890 DOC/DOC 99876543 ISBN 0-07-008782-2 The sponsoring editor for this book was Larry S. Hager, the editing supervisor was Steven Melvin, and the production supervisor was Sherri Souffrance. It was set in Times Roman by Pro-Image Corporation. Printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. This book is printed on acid-free paper. Information contained in this work has been obtained by Mc- Graw-Hill, Inc. from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors guarantees the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither Mc- Graw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. Other McGraw-Hill Book Edited by Roger L. Brockenbrough Brockenbrough & Boedecker • HIGHWAY ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Other McGraw-Hill Books Edited by Frederick S. Merritt Merritt • STANDARD HANDBOOK FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS Merritt & Ricketts • BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Other McGraw-Hill Books of Interest Beall • MASONRY DESIGN AND DETAILING Breyer • DESIGN OF WOOD STRUCTURES Brown • FOUNDATION BEHAVIOR AND REPAIR Faherty & Williamson • WOOD ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Gaylord & Gaylord • STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Harris • NOISE CONTROL IN BUILDINGS Kubal • WATERPROOFING THE BUILDING ENVELOPE Newman • STANDARD HANDBOOK OF STRUCTURAL DETAILS FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Sharp • BEHAVIOR AND DESIGN OF ALUMINUM STRUCTURES Waddell & Dobrowolski • CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK xv CONTRIBUTORS Boring, Delbert F., P.E. Senior Director, Construction Market, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington, D.C. ( SECTION 6 BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA ) Brockenbrough, Roger L., P.E. R. L. Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc., Pittsburgh, Penn- sylvania ( SECTION 1 PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEELS AND EFFECTS OF STEELMAKING AND FABRICATION; SECTION 10 COLD-FORMED STEEL DESIGN ) Cuoco, Daniel A., P.E. Principal, LZA Technology/Thornton-Tomasetti Engineers, New York, New York ( SECTION 8 FLOOR AND ROOF SYSTEMS ) Cundiff, Harry B., P.E. HBC Consulting Service Corp., Atlanta, Georgia ( SECTION 11 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES ) Geschwindner, Louis F., P.E. Professor of Architectural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania ( SECTION 4 ANALYSIS OF SPECIAL STRUCTURES ) Haris, Ali A. K., P.E. President, Haris Enggineering, Inc., Overland Park, Kansas ( SECTION 7 DESIGN OF BUILDING MEMBERS ) Hedgren, Arthur W. Jr., P.E. Senior Vice President, HDR Engineering, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ( SECTION 14 ARCH BRIDGES ) Hedefine, Alfred, P.E. Former President, Parsons, Brinckerhoff, Quade & Douglas, Inc., New York, New York ( SECTION 12 BEAM AND GIRDER BRIDGES ) Kane, T., P.E. Cives Steel Company, Roswell, Georgia ( SECTION 5 CONNECTIONS ) Kulicki, John M., P.E. President and Chief Engineer, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Harris- burg, Pennsylvania ( SECTION 13 TRUSS BRIDGES ) LaBoube, R. A., P.E. Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri ( SECTION 6 BUILDING DESIGN CRITERIA ) LeRoy, David H., P.E. Vice President, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Harrisburg, Pennsylvania ( SECTION 13 TRUSS BRIDGES ) Mertz, Dennis, P.E. Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Delaware, New- ark, Delaware ( SECTION 11 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES ) Nickerson, Robert L., P.E. Consultant-NBE, Ltd., Hempstead, Maryland ( SECTION 11 DESIGN CRITERIA FOR BRIDGES ) Podolny, Walter, Jr., P.E. Senior Structural Engineer Bridge Division, Office of Bridge Technology, Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washing- ton, D. C. ( SECTION 15 CABLE-SUSPENDED BRIDGES ) Prickett, Joseph E., P.E. Senior Associate, Modjeski and Masters, Inc., Harrisburg, Penn- sylvania ( SECTION 13 TRUSS BRIDGES ) xvi CONTRIBUTORS Roeder, Charles W., P.E. Professor of Civil Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington ( SECTION 9 LATERAL-FORCE DESIGN ) Schflaly, Thomas, Director, Fabricating & Standards, American Institute of Steel Construc- tion, Inc., Chicago, Illinois ( SECTION 2 FABRICATION AND ERECTION ) Sen, Mahir, P.E. Professional Associate, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc., Princeton, New Jersey ( SECTION 12 BEAM AND GIRDER BRIDGES ) Swindlehurst, John, P.E. Former Senior Professional Associate, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc., West Trenton, New Jersey ( SECTION 12 BEAM AND GIRDER BRIDGES ) Thornton, William A., P.E. Chief Engineer, Cives Steel Company, Roswell, Georgia ( SEC- TION 5 CONNECTIONS ) Ziemian, Ronald D., Associate Professor of Civil Engineering, Bucknell University, Lew- isburg, Pennsylvania ( SECTION 3 GENERAL STRUCTURAL THEORY ) xxi FACTORS FOR CONVERSION TO SI UNITS OF MEASUREMENT QUANTITY TO CONVERT FROM CUSTOMARY U.S. UNIT TO METRIC UNIT MULTIPLY BY Length inch foot mm mm 25.4 304.8 Mass lb kg 0.45359 Mass/unit length plf kg/m 1.488 16 Mass/unit area psf kg/m 2 4.882 43 Mass density pcf kg/m 3 16.018 5 Force pound kip kip N N kN 4.448 22 4448.22 4.448 22 Force/unit length klf klf N/mm kN/m 14.593 9 14.593 9 Stress ksi psi MPa kPa 6.894 76 6.894 76 Bending Moment foot-kips foot-kips N-mm kN-m 1 355 817 1.355 817 Moment of inertia in 4 mm 4 416 231 Section modulus in 3 mm 3 16 387.064 xvii PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION This edition of the handbook has been updated throughout to reflect continuing changes in design trends and improvements in design specifications. Criteria and examples are included for both allowable-stress design (ASD) and load-and-resistance-factor design (LRFD) meth- ods, but an increased emphasis has been placed on LRFD to reflect its growing use in practice. Numerous connection designs for building construction are presented in LRFD format in conformance with specifications of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC). A new article has been added on the design of hollow structural sections (HSS) by LRFD, based on a new separate HSS specification by AISC. Also, because of their growing use in light commercial and residential applications, a new section has been added on the design of cold-formed steel structural members, based on the specification by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI). It is applicable to both ASD and LRFD. Design criteria are now presented in separate parts for highway and railway bridges to better concentrate on those subjects. Information on highway bridges is based on specifica- tions of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) and information on railway bridges is based on specifications of the American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA). A very detailed example of the LRFD design of a two-span composite I-girder highway bridge has been presented in Section 11 to illustrate AASHTO criteria, and also the LRFD design of a single-span com- posite bridge in Section 12. An example of the LRFD design of a truss member is presented in Section 13. This edition of the handbook regrettably marks the passing of Fred Merritt, who worked tirelessly on previous editions, and developed many other handbooks as well. His many contributions to these works are gratefully acknowledged. Finally, the reader is cautioned that independent professional judgment must be exercised when information set forth in this handbook is applied. Anyone making use of this infor- mation assumes all liability arising from such use. Users are encouraged to use the latest edition of the referenced specifications, because they provide more complete information and are subject to frequent change. Roger L. Brockenbrough xix PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION This handbook has been developed to serve as a comprehensive reference source for de- signers of steel structures. Included is information on materials, fabrication, erection, struc- tural theory, and connections, as well as the many facets of designing structural-steel systems and members for buildings and bridges. The information presented applies to a wide range of structures. The handbook should be useful to consulting engineers; architects; construction contrac- tors; fabricators and erectors; engineers employed by federal, state, and local governments; and educators. It will also be a good reference for engineering technicians and detailers. The material has been presented in easy-to-understand form to make it useful to professionals and those with more limited experience. Numerous examples, worked out in detail, illustrate design procedures. The thrust is to provide practical techniques for cost-effective design as well as expla- nations of underlying theory and criteria. Design methods and equations from leading spec- ifications are presented for ready reference. This includes those of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), and the American Railway Engineering Association (AREA). Both the traditional allowable-stress design (ASD) approach and the load-and-resistance-factor design (LRFD) approach are presented. Nevertheless, users of this handbook would find it helpful to have the latest edition of these specifications on hand, because they are changed annually, as well as the AISC ‘‘Steel Construction Manual,’’ ASD and LRFD. Contributors to this book are leading experts in design, construction, materials, and struc- tural theory. They offer know-how and techniques gleaned from vast experience. They in- clude well-known consulting engineers, university professors, and engineers with an exten- sive fabrication and erection background. This blend of experiences contributes to a broad, well-rounded presentation. The book begins with an informative section on the types of steel, their mechanical properties, and the basic behavior of steel under different conditions. Topics such as cold- work, strain-rate effects, temperature effects, fracture, and fatigue provide in-depth infor- mation. Aids are presented for estimating the relative weight and material cost of steels for various types of structural members to assist in selecting the most economical grade. A review of fundamental steel-making practices, including the now widely used continuous- casting method, is presented to give designers better knowledge of structural steels and alloys and how they are produced. Because of their impact on total cost, a knowledge of fabrication and erection methods is a fundamental requirement for designing economical structures. Accordingly, the book presents description of various shop fabrication procedures, including cutting steel compo- nents to size, punching, drilling, and welding. Available erection equipment is reviewed, as well as specific methods used to erect bridges and buildings. A broad treatment of structural theory follows to aid engineers in determining the forces and moments that must be accounted for in design. Basic mechanics, traditional tools for xx PREFACE analysis of determinate and indeterminate structures, matrix methods, and other topics are discussed. Structural analysis tools are also presented for various special structures, such as arches, domes, cable systems, and orthotropic plates. This information is particularly useful in making preliminary designs and verifying computer models. Connections have received renewed attention in current structural steel design, and im- provements have been made in understanding their behavior in service and in design tech- niques. A comprehensive section on design of structural connections presents approved meth- ods for all of the major types, bolted and welded. Information on materials for bolting and welding is included. Successive sections cover design of buildings, beginning with basic design criteria and other code requirements, including minimum design dead, live, wind, seismic, and other loads. A state-of-the-art summary describes current fire-resistant construction, as well as available tools that allow engineers to design for fire protection and avoid costly tests. In addition, the book discusses the resistance of various types of structural steel to corrosion and describes corrosion-prevention methods. A large part of the book is devoted to presentation of practical approaches to design of tension, compression, and flexural members, composite and noncomposite. One section is devoted to selection of floor and roof systems for buildings. This involves decisions that have major impact on the economics of building construction. Alternative support systems for floors are reviewed, such as the stub-girder and staggered-truss systems. Also, framing systems for short and long-span roof systems are analyzed. Another section is devoted to design of framing systems for lateral forces. Both traditional and newer-type bracing systems, such as eccentric bracing, are analyzed. Over one-third of the handbook is dedicated to design of bridges. Discussions of design criteria cover loadings, fatigue, and the various facets of member design. Information is presented on use of weathering steel. Also, tips are offered on how to obtain economical designs for all types of bridges. In addition, numerous detailed calculations are presented for design of rolled-beam and plate-girder bridges, straight and curved, composite and non- composite, box girders, orthotropic plates, and continuous and simple-span systems. Notable examples of truss and arch designs, taken from current practice, make these sections valuable references in selecting the appropriate spatial form for each site, as well as executing the design. The concluding section describes the various types of cable-supported bridges and the cable systems and fittings available. In addition, design of suspension bridges and cable- stayed bridges is covered in detail. The authors and editors are indebted to numerous sources for the information presented. Space considerations preclude listing all, but credit is given wherever feasible, especially in bibliographies throughout the book. The reader is cautioned that independent professional judgment must be exercised when information set forth in this handbook is applied. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. Roger L. Brockenbrough Frederick S. Merritt v CONTENTS Contributors xv Preface xvii Section 1. Properties of Structural Steels and Effects of Steelmaking and Fabrication Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E. 1.1 1.1. Structural Steel Shapes and Plates / 1.1 1.2. Steel-Quality Designations / 1.6 1.3. Relative Cost of Structural Steels / 1.8 1.4. Steel Sheet and Strip for Structural Applications / 1.10 1.5. Tubing for Structural Applications / 1.13 1.6. Steel Cable for Structural Applications / 1.13 1.7. Tensile Properties / 1.14 1.8. Properties in Shear / 1.16 1.9. Hardness Tests / 1.17 1.10. Effect of Cold Work on Tensile Properties / 1.18 1.11. Effect of Strain Rate on Tensile Properties / 1.19 1.12. Effect of Elevated Temperatures on Tensile Properties / 1.20 1.13. Fatigue / 1.22 1.14. Brittle Fracture / 1.23 1.15. Residual Stresses / 1.26 1.16. Lamellar Tearing / 1.28 1.17. Welded Splices in Heavy Sections / 1.28 1.18. k-Area Cracking / 1.29 1.19. Variations in Mechanical Properties / 1.29 1.20. Changes in Carbon Steels on Heating and Cooling / 1.30 1.21. Effects of Grain Size / 1.32 1.22. Annealing and Normalizing / 1.32 1.23. Effects of Chemistry on Steel Properties / 1.33 1.24. Steelmaking Methods / 1.35 1.25. Casting and Hot Rolling / 1.36 1.26. Effects of Punching Holes and Shearing / 1.39 1.27. Effects of Welding / 1.39 1.28. Effects of Thermal Cutting / 1.40 Section 2. Fabrication and Erection Thomas Schflaly 2.1 2.1. Shop Detail Drawings / 2.1 2.2. Cutting, Shearing, and Sawing / 2.3 2.3. Punching and Drilling / 2.4 2.4. CNC Machines / 2.4 [...]... accordance with contemporary practice, the steels described in this section are given the names of the corresponding specifications of ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA, 19428 For example, all steels covered by ASTM A588, ‘‘Specification for High-strength Low-alloy Structural Steel, ’’ are called A588 steel 1.1 STRUCTURAL STEEL SHAPES AND PLATES Steels for structural uses may be classified by chemical... Standard Handbook for Civil Engineers, 4th ed., F S Merritt, ed., McGraw- Hill, Inc., New York.) 1.2 STEEL- QUALITY DESIGNATIONS Steel plates, shapes, sheetpiling, and bars for structural uses—such as the load-carrying members in buildings, bridges, ships, and other structures—are usually ordered to the requirements of ASTM A6 and are referred to as structural- quality steels (A6 does not indicate a specific steel. )... HSLA steels Because these steels offer increased strength at moderate increases in price over carbon steels, they are economical for a variety of applications A242 steel is a weathering steel, used where resistance to atmospheric corrosion is of primary importance Steels meeting this specification usually provide a resistance to atmospheric corrosion at least four times that of structural carbon steel. .. and in all structural sections; it is available with a lower yield point in thicker plates Several grades are included in the specification to permit use of various compositions developed by steel producers to obtain the specified properties This steel provides about four times the resistance to atmospheric corrosion of structural carbon steels PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEELS AND EFFECTS OF STEELMAKING... ⅐ lb at 70ЊF PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEELS AND EFFECTS OF STEELMAKING AND FABRICATION 1.5 FIGURE 1.2 Corrosion curves for structural steels in an industrial atmosphere (From R L Brockenbrough and B G Johnston, USS Steel Design Manual, R L Brockenbrough & Associates, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa., with permission.) 1.1.3 Heat-Treated Carbon and HSLA Steels Both carbon and HSLA steels can be heat treated to... steel is the principal carbon steel for bridges, buildings, and many other structural uses This steel provides a minimum yield point of 36 ksi in all structural shapes and in plates up to 8 in thick A573, the other carbon steel listed in Table 1.1, is available in three strength grades for plate applications in which improved notch toughness is important 1.1.2 High-Strength Low-Alloy Steels Those steels... carbon steel PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEELS AND EFFECTS OF STEELMAKING AND FABRICATION 1.11 FIGURE 1.3 Curves show for several structural steels the variation of relative price-strength ratios, A36 steel being taken as unity, with slenderness ratios of compression members A607, available in six strength levels, covers high-strength, low-alloy columbium or vanadium, or both, hot- and cold-rolled steel. .. RELATIVE COST OF STRUCTURAL STEELS Because of the many strength levels and grades now available, designers usually must investigate several steels to determine the most economical one for each application As a guide, relative material costs of several structural steels used as tension members, beams, and columns are discussed below The comparisons are based on cost of steel to fabricators (steel producer’s... widely used steels in each classification are listed in Table 1.1 with their specified strengths in shapes and plates These steels are weldable, but the welding materials and procedures for each steel must be in accordance with approved methods Welding information for each of the steels is available from most steel producers and in publications of the American Welding Society 1.1.1 Carbon Steels A steel may... Typical tensile stress-strain curves for structural steels are shown in Fig 1.1 The initial portion of these curves is shown at a magnified scale in Fig 1.4 Both sets of curves may be referred to for the following discussion PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEELS AND EFFECTS OF STEELMAKING AND FABRICATION 1.15 FIGURE 1.4 Partial stress-strain curves for structural steels strained through the plastic region . of Structural Steels and Effects of Steelmaking and Fabrication Roger L. Brockenbrough, P.E. 1.1 1.1. Structural Steel Shapes and Plates / 1.1 1.2. Steel- Quality. Cost of Structural Steels / 1.8 1.4. Steel Sheet and Strip for Structural Applications / 1.10 1.5. Tubing for Structural Applications / 1.13 1.6. Steel Cable