The Search for the Genetic Material of Life  What is a gene?  Stable source of information  Ability to replicate accurately  Capable of change The Search for the Molecular Basis of Heredity The Search for the Molecular Basis of Heredity  Search for genetic material nucleic acid or protein/DNA Search for genetic material nucleic acid or protein/DNA or RNA? or RNA?  Griffith’s Transformation Experiment Griffith’s Transformation Experiment  Avery’s Transformation Experiment Avery’s Transformation Experiment  Hershey-Chase Bacteriophage Experiment Hershey-Chase Bacteriophage Experiment  Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Experiment Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Experiment  Nucleotides - composition and structure Nucleotides - composition and structure  Double-helix model of DNA - Watson & Crick Double-helix model of DNA - Watson & Crick  Original Source for portions of slide content: Original Source for portions of slide content: http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/~kevin_mccracken/genetics/lectures/chapter_02.ppt http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/~kevin_mccracken/genetics/lectures/chapter_02.ppt by by Kevin McCracken University of Alaska Fairbanks. Kevin McCracken University of Alaska Fairbanks. Timeline of events  1890 Weismann - substance in the cell nuclei controls development.  1900 Chromosomes shown to contain hereditary information, later shown to be composed of protein & nucleic acids.  1928 Griffith’s Transformation Experiment  1944 Avery’s Transformation Experiment  1953 Hershey-Chase Bacteriophage Experiment  1953 Watson & Crick propose double-helix model of DNA  1956 Gierer & Schramm/Fraenkel-Conrat & Singer Demonstrate RNA is viral genetic material. Frederick Griffith’s Transformation Experiment - 1928 “transforming principle” demonstrated with Streptococcus pneumoniae Griffith hypothesized that the transforming agent was a “IIIS” protein. Peter J. Russell, iGenetics: Copyright © Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Oswald T. Avery’s Transformation Experiment - 1944 Determined that “IIIS” DNA was the genetic material responsible for Griffith’s results (not RNA). Bacteriophage = Virus that attacks bacteria and replicates by invading a living cell and using the cell’s molecular machinery. Structure of T2 phage DNA & protein Hershey-Chase Bacteriophage Experiment - 1953 Life cycle of virulent T2 phage: 1. T2 bacteriophage is composed of DNA and proteins: 2. Set-up two replicates: • Label DNA with 32 P • Label Protein with 35 S 3. Infected E. coli bacteria with two types of labeled T2 4. 32 P is discovered within the bacteria and progeny phages, whereas 35 S is not found within the bacteria but released with phage ghosts. Hershey-Chase Bacteriophage Experiment - 1953 1969: Alfred Hershey Gierer & Schramm Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Experiment – 1956 & Fraenkel-Conrat & Singer - 1957 • Used 2 viral strains to demonstrate RNA is the genetic material of TMV Conclusions about these early experiments: • Griffith 1928 & Avery 1944: • DNA (not RNA) is transforming agent. • Hershey-Chase 1953: • DNA (not protein) is the genetic material. • Gierer & Schramm 1956/Fraenkel-Conrat & Singer 1957: • RNA (not protein) is genetic material of some viruses. [...]... has a 3’ carbon 5’ end 3’ end James D Watson & Francis H Crick - 1953 Double Helix Model of DNA Two sources of information: 1 Base composition studies of Erwin Chargaff • indicated double-stranded DNA consists of ~50% purines (A,G) and ~50% pyrimidines (T, C) • amount of A = amount of T and amount of G = amount of C (Chargraff’s rules) • %GC content varies from organism to organism Examples: %A %T %G... bond Covalent bond between the phosphate group (attached to 5’ carbon) of one nucleotide and the 3’ carbon of the sugar of another nucleotide This bond is very strong, and for this reason DNA is remarkably stable DNA can be boiled and even autoclaved without degrading! 5’ and 3’ The ends of the DNA or RNA chain are not the same One end of the chain has a 5’ carbon and the other end has a 3’ carbon 5’... Model of DNA Two sources of information: 2 X-ray diffraction studies - Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins Conclusion-DNA is a helical structure with distinctive regularities, 0.34 nm & 3.4 nm Double Helix Model of DNA: Six main features 1 Two polynucleotide chains wound in a right-handed (clockwise) double-helix 2 Nucleotide chains are anti-parallel: 3 Sugar-phosphate backbones are on the outside of. .. translation Organization of DNA/RNA in chromosomes Genome = chromosome or set of chromosomes that contains all the DNA an organism (or organelle) possesses Prokaryotic chromosomes 1 most contain one double-stranded circular DNA molecule 2 typically arranged in arranged in a dense clump in a region called the nucleoid Eukaryotic chromosomes 1 Eukaryotic chromosome structure Chromatin - complex of DNA and chomosomal... chromosome structure Chromatin - complex of DNA and chomosomal proteins ~ twice as much or more protein as DNA 2 Eukaryotic chromosomes or chromatin found in the nucleus of the cell 3 Cells from different species contain varying numbers of chromosome of different sizes and morphologies -the karyotype (e.g., pea, 2N = 14; human, 2N = 46, fruit fly, 2N= 8) ... are bound together by weak hydrogen bonds 5’ → 3’ 3’ ← 5’ A pairs with T (2 H-bonds), and G pairs with C (3 H-bonds) e.g., 5’-TATTCCGA-3’ 3’-ATAAGGCT-3’ 5 Base pairs are 0.34 nm apart One complete turn of the helix requires 3.4 nm (10 bases/turn) 6 Sugar-phosphate backbones are not equally-spaced, resulting in major and minor grooves 1962: Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine James D Watson Francis . Material of Life  What is a gene?  Stable source of information  Ability to replicate accurately  Capable of change The Search for the Molecular Basis of. accurately  Capable of change The Search for the Molecular Basis of Heredity The Search for the Molecular Basis of Heredity  Search for genetic material nucleic acid