HyperSQL User Guide HyperSQL Database Engine (HSQLDB) 2.2 Edited by , Blaine Simpson, and Fred Toussi HyperSQL User Guide: HyperSQL Database Engine (HSQLDB) 2.2 by , Blaine Simpson, and Fred Toussi $Revision: 5139 $ Publication date 2013-01-20 18:39:53+0000 Copyright 2002-2013 The HSQL Development Group Permission is granted to distribute this document without any alteration under the terms of the HSQLDB license You are not allowed to distribute or display this document on the web in an altered form Table of Contents Preface xiii Available formats for this document xiii Running and Using HyperSQL The HSQLDB Jar Running Database Access Tools A HyperSQL Database In-Process Access to Database Catalogs Server Modes HyperSQL HSQL Server HyperSQL HTTP Server HyperSQL HTTP Servlet Connecting to a Database Server Security Considerations Using Multiple Databases Accessing the Data Closing the Database Creating a New Database SQL Language Standards Support SQL Data and Tables Temporary Tables Persistent Tables Lob Data 10 Short Guide to Data Types 10 Data Types and Operations 11 Numeric Types 11 Boolean Type 13 Character String Types 14 Binary String Types 15 Bit String Types 15 Storage and Handling of Java Objects 16 Type Length, Precision and Scale 16 Datetime types 17 Interval Types 20 Arrays 23 Array Definition 23 Array Reference 25 Array Operations 25 Indexes and Query Speed 27 Query Processing and Optimisation 28 Indexes and Conditions 28 Indexes and Operations 29 Indexes and ORDER BY, OFFSET and LIMIT 29 Sessions and Transactions 31 Overview 31 Session Attributes and Variables 31 Session Attributes 32 Session Variables 32 Session Tables 32 Transactions and Concurrency Control 33 Two Phase Locking 33 iii HyperSQL User Guide Two Phase Locking with Snapshot Isolation Lock Contention in 2PL Locks in SQL Routines and Triggers MVCC Choosing the Transaction Model Schema and Database Change Simultaneous Access to Tables Viewing Sessions Session and Transaction Control Statements Schemas and Database Objects Overview Schemas and Schema Objects Names and References Character Sets Collations Distinct Types Domains Number Sequences Tables Views Constraints Assertions Triggers Routines Indexes Statements for Schema Definition and Manipulation Common Elements and Statements Renaming Objects Commenting Objects Schema Creation Table Creation Table Manipulation View Creation and Manipulation Domain Creation and Manipulation Trigger Creation Routine Creation Sequence Creation SQL Procedure Statement Other Schema Object Creation The Information Schema Predefined Character Sets, Collations and Domains Views in INFORMATION SCHEMA Visibility of Information Name Information Data Type Information Product Information Operations Information SQL Standard Views Text Tables Overview The Implementation Definition of Tables Scope and Reassignment Null Values in Columns of Text Tables iv 34 34 34 34 35 36 36 36 36 43 43 43 44 44 45 45 45 45 47 48 48 49 49 50 50 50 50 52 52 52 53 59 63 64 65 67 69 71 71 74 75 75 75 75 76 76 76 76 83 83 83 83 83 84 HyperSQL User Guide Configuration 84 Disconnecting Text Tables 86 Text File Usage 86 Text File Global Properties 87 Transactions 88 Access Control 89 Overview 89 Authorizations and Access Control 89 Built-In Roles and Users 90 Listing Users and Roles 91 Access Rights 91 Statements for Authorization and Access Control 92 Data Access and Change 97 Overview 97 Cursors And Result Sets 97 Columns and Rows 97 Navigation 97 Updatability 98 Sensitivity 99 Holdability 99 Autocommit 99 JDBC Overview 99 JDBC Parameters 100 JDBC and Data Change Statements 100 JDBC Callable Statement 100 JDBC Returned Values 101 Cursor Declaration 101 Syntax Elements 101 Literals 101 References, etc 105 Value Expression 106 Predicates 113 Aggregate Functions 118 Other Syntax Elements 120 Data Access Statements 121 Select Statement 122 Table 122 Subquery 122 Query Specification 123 Table Expression 123 Joined Table 127 Selection 129 Projection 129 Computed Columns 129 Naming 129 Grouping Operations 130 Aggregation 130 Set Operations 130 With Clause and Recursive Queries 131 Query Expression 132 Ordering 132 Slicing 133 Data Change Statements 134 Delete Statement 134 v HyperSQL User Guide Truncate Statement Insert Statement Update Statement Merge Statement Diagnostics and State SQL-Invoked Routines Routine Definition Routine Characteristics SQL Language Routines (PSM) Advantages and Disadvantages Routine Statements Compound Statement Table Variables Variables Cursors Handlers Assignment Statement Select Statement : Single Row Formal Parameters Iterated Statements Iterated FOR Statement Conditional Statements Return Statement Control Statements Raising Exceptions Routine Polymorphism Returning Data From Procedures Recursive Routines Java Language Routines (SQL/JRT) Polymorphism Java Language Procedures Java Static Methods Legacy Support Securing Access to Classes User Defined Aggregate Functions Definition of Aggregate Functions SQL PSM Aggregate Functions Java Aggregate Functions Triggers Overview BEFORE Triggers AFTER Triggers INSTEAD OF Triggers Trigger Properties Trigger Event Granularity Trigger Action Time References to Rows Trigger Condition Trigger Action in SQL Trigger Action in Java Trigger Creation 10 Built In Functions Overview vi 134 135 136 137 138 140 141 143 145 145 146 147 147 147 148 149 150 150 151 151 152 153 154 154 155 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 162 163 163 164 165 167 167 167 168 168 168 168 168 168 169 169 169 170 171 174 174 HyperSQL User Guide String and Binary String Functions Numeric Functions Date Time and Interval Functions Functions to Report the Time Zone Functions to Report the Current Datetime Functions to Extract an Element of a Datetime Functions for Datetime Arithmetic Functions to Convert or Format a Datetime Array Functions General Functions System Functions 11 System Management Mode of Operation and Tables Mode of Operation Database Types Tables Large Objects Deployment context ACID, Persistence and Reliability Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability Backing Up Database Catalogs Making Online Backups Making Offline Backups Examining Backups Restoring a Backup Encrypted Databases Creating and Accessing an Encrypted Database Speed Considerations Security Considerations Monitoring Database Operations External Statement Level Monitoring Internal Statement Level Monitoring Internal Event Monitoring Log4J and JDK logging Server Operation Monitoring Database Security Security Defaults Authentication Control Compatibility with Other RDBMS PostgreSQL Compatibility MySQL Compatibility Firebird Compatibility Apache Derby Compatibility Oracle Compatibility DB2 Compatibility MS SQLServer and Sybase Compatibility Statements System Operations Database Settings SQL Conformance Settings Cache, Persistence and Files Settings Authentication Settings 12 Properties Connection URL vii 175 180 185 185 185 186 189 191 193 195 197 201 201 201 201 202 202 203 203 204 204 204 205 205 205 205 206 206 206 206 206 207 207 207 207 207 208 208 209 209 210 211 211 211 212 212 213 213 215 218 225 229 231 231 HyperSQL User Guide Variables In Connection URL Connection properties Database Properties in Connection URL and Properties SQL Conformance Properties Database Operations Properties Database File and Memory Properties Crypt Properties System Properties 13 HyperSQL Network Listeners (Servers) Listeners HyperSQL Server HyperSQL HTTP Server HyperSQL HTTP Servlet Server and Web Server Properties Starting a Server from your Application Allowing a Connection to Open or Create a Database Specifying Database Properties at Server Start TLS Encryption Requirements Encrypting your JDBC connection JSSE Making a Private-key Keystore Automatic Server or WebServer startup on UNIX Network Access Control 14 HyperSQL on UNIX Purpose Installation Setting up Database Catalog and Listener Accessing your Database Create additional Accounts Shutdown Running Hsqldb as a System Daemon Portability of hsqldb init script Init script Setup Procedure Troubleshooting the Init Script Upgrading 15 Deployment Guide Memory and Disk Use Table Memory Allocation Result Set Memory Allocation Temporary Memory Use During Operations Data Cache Memory Allocation Object Pool Memory Allocation Lob Memory Usage Disk Space Managing Database Connections Tweaking the Mode of Operation Application Development and Testing Embedded Databases in Desktop Applications Embedded Databases in Server Applications Mixed Mode : Embedding a HyperSQL Server (Listener) Using HyperSQL Without Logging Data Change Bulk Inserts, Updates and Deletes Using NIO File Access viii 232 232 234 235 239 240 245 246 248 248 248 248 249 249 251 251 251 252 252 252 254 254 255 255 258 258 258 260 261 265 265 265 266 266 270 271 272 272 272 272 273 273 273 274 274 274 275 275 276 276 276 276 277 277 HyperSQL User Guide Server Databases Upgrading Databases Upgrading From Older Versions Manual Changes to the *.script File Backward Compatibility Issues HyperSQL Dependency Settings for Applications What version to Pull Using the HyperSQL Snapshot Repository Range Versioning A Lists of Keywords List of SQL Standard Keywords List of SQL Keywords Disallowed as HyperSQL Identifiers Special Function Keywords B Building HyperSQL Jars Purpose Building with Gradle Invoking a Gradle Build Graphically Invoking a Gradle Build from the Command Line Using Gradle Building with Ant Obtaining Ant Building Hsqldb with Ant Building for Older JDKs Building with IDE Compilers Hsqldb CodeSwitcher Building Documentation C HyperSQL with OpenOffice HyperSQL with OpenOffice Using OpenOffice / LibreOffice as a Database Tool Converting odb files to use with HyperSQL Server D HyperSQL File Links SQL Index General Index ix 277 277 278 279 279 281 281 281 282 285 285 286 287 288 288 288 288 291 292 294 294 294 295 295 296 297 299 299 299 299 300 302 308 List of Tables Available formats of this document 10.1 TO_CHAR, TO_DATE and TO_TIMESTAMP format elements 12.1 Memory Database URL 12.2 File Database URL 12.3 Resource Database URL 12.4 Server Database URL 12.5 User and Password 12.6 Column Names in JDBC ResultSet 12.7 Creating New Database 12.8 Automatic Shutdown 12.9 Validity Check Property 12.10 SQL Keyword Use as Identifier 12.11 SQL Keyword Starting with the Underscore or Containing Dollar Characters 12.12 Reference to Columns Names 12.13 String Size Declaration 12.14 Type Enforcement in Comparison and Assignment 12.15 Foreign Key Triggered Data Change 12.16 Use of LOB for LONGVAR Types 12.17 Concatenation with NULL 12.18 NULL in Multi-Column UNIQUE Constraints 12.19 Truncation or Rounding in Type Conversion 12.20 Decimal Scale of Division and AVG Values 12.21 Support for NaN values 12.22 Sort order of NULL values 12.23 Sort order of NULL values with DESC 12.24 String comparison with padding 12.25 Case Insensitive Varchar columns 12.26 DB2 Style Syntax 12.27 MSSQL Style Syntax 12.28 MySQL Style Syntax 12.29 Oracle Style Syntax 12.30 PostgreSQL Style Syntax 12.31 Default Table Type 12.32 Transaction Control Mode 12.33 Default Isolation Level for Sessions 12.34 Transaction Rollback in Deadlock 12.35 Time Zone and Interval Types 12.36 Opening Database as Read Only 12.37 Opening Database Without Modifying the Files 12.38 Huge database files and tables 12.39 Temporary Result Rows in Memory 12.40 Event Logging 12.41 SQL Logging 12.42 Rows Cached In Memory 12.43 Rows Cached In Memory 12.44 Size of Rows Cached in Memory 12.45 Size Scale of Disk Table Storage 12.46 Size Scale of LOB Storage 12.47 Internal Backup of Database Files 12.48 Use of Lock File 12.49 Logging Data Change Statements x xiii 193 231 231 231 232 232 233 233 234 234 235 235 235 235 235 236 236 236 236 237 237 237 237 237 238 238 238 238 238 239 239 239 239 239 240 240 240 240 241 241 241 241 241 242 242 242 242 243 243 243 Appendix C HyperSQL with OpenOffice How to use HyperSQL with OpenOffice.org Fred Toussi, The HSQL Development Group $Revision: 5051 $ 2013-01-20 18:39:53+0000 HyperSQL with OpenOffice OpenOffice.org / LibreOffice / ApacheOpenOffice includes HyperSQL and uses it for embedded databases Our collaboration with OpenOffice.org developers over the last few years has benefited the development and maturity of HyperSQL Before integration into OOo, HSQLDB was intended solely for application-specific database access The application developer was expected to resolve any integration issues Because OpenOffice.org is used by a vast range of users, from schoolchildren to corporate developers, a much higher level of quality assurance has been required We have achieved it with constant help and feedback from OOo users and developers Apart from embedded use, you may want to use OpenOffice / LibreOffice with a HyperSQL server instance The typical use for this is to allow multiple office users access to the same database There is also a strong case for using OpenOffice to develop your database schema and application, even if the database is intended for your own application, rather than OpenOffice HSQLDB version 1.8.0 is included in OOo, ApacheOpenOffice and LibreOffice 3.x You can simply replace the jar with an HSQLDB version 2.2.9 jar to use the latest capabilities with external databases It is not yet possible to create and use embedded databases with this version HSQLDB version 2.x jar will hopefully be included in the future versions of ApacheOpenOffice and LibreOffice Using OpenOffice / LibreOffice as a Database Tool OpenOffice is a powerful database front end If you want to create schemas, edit tables, edit the database contents manually, design and produce well-formatted reports, then OpenOffice is probably the best open source tools currently available To connect from OpenOffice to your database, first run a local server instance for the database This is describes in the Network Listeners chapter of this guide When you connect from OpenOffice.org, you must specify connection to an external database and use the URL property "default_schema=true" For example, the URL to connect the local database may be like jdbc;hsqldb:hsql://localhost/mydb;default_schema=true The only current limitation is that OpenOffice only works with the PUBLIC schema This limitation will hopefully disappear in the future versions of OOo There wil hopefuly be a version 2.x jar in the future versions of OpenOffice Converting odb files to use with HyperSQL Server You may already have an OOo database file, which you want to use outside OOo, or as a server database The file is in fact in the standard ZIP format and contains the normal HyperSQL database files Just use a utility such as 7Zip to expand the odb file In the /db directory, there are files such as script, data, etc Just rename these files into mydb.script, mydb.data, etc You can now open the mydb database directly with HyperSQL as an embedded database or as a server instance 299 Appendix D HyperSQL File Links HyperSQL Files referred to in this Guide HyperSQL files referred to in the text may be retrieved from the canonical HyperSQL documentation site, http:// hsqldb.org/doc/2.0, or from the same location you are reading this page from Note If you are reading this document with a standalone PDF reader, only the http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/ links will function Pairs of local + http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0 links for referenced files • Local: /apidocs/org/hsqldb/jdbc/JDBCConnection.html http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/apidocs/org/hsqldb/jdbc/JDBCConnection.html • Local: /apidocs/org/hsqldb/jdbc/JDBCDriver.html http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/apidocs/org/hsqldb/jdbc/JDBCDriver.html • Local: /apidocs/org/hsqldb/jdbc/JDBCDatabaseMetaData.html http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/apidocs/org/hsqldb/jdbc/JDBCDatabaseMetaData.html • Local: /apidocs/org/hsqldb/jdbc/JDBCResultSet.html http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/apidocs/org/hsqldb/jdbc/JDBCResultSet.html • Local: /apidocs/org/hsqldb/jdbc/JDBCStatement.html http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/apidocs/org/hsqldb/jdbc/JDBCStatement.html • Local: /apidocs/org/hsqldb/jdbc/JDBCPreparedStatement.html http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/apidocs/org/hsqldb/jdbc/JDBCPreparedStatement.html • Local: /apidocs/org/hsqldb/util/MainInvoker.html http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/apidocs/org/hsqldb/util/MainInvoker.html • Local: /apidocs/index.html http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/apidocs/ • Local: /verbatim/src/org/hsqldb/server/Servlet.java http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/verbatim/src/org/hsqldb/server/Servlet.java • Local: /verbatim/src/org/hsqldb/Tokens.java http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/verbatim/src/org/hsqldb/Tokens.java • Local: /verbatim/src/org/hsqldb/server/WebServer.java http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/verbatim/src/org/hsqldb/server/WebServer.java 300 HyperSQL File Links • Local: /verbatim/src/org/hsqldb/test/TestBase.java http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/verbatim/src/org/hsqldb/test/TestBase.java • Local: /verbatim/src/org/hsqldb/Trigger.java http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/verbatim/src/org/hsqldb/Trigger.java • Local: /verbatim/src/org/hsqldb/sample/TriggerSample.java http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/verbatim/src/org/hsqldb/test/sample/TriggerSample.java • Local: /verbatim/src/org/hsqldb/util/MainInvoker.java http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/verbatim/src/org/hsqldb/util/MainInvoker.java • Local: /verbatim/sample/hsqldb.cfg http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/verbatim/sample/hsqldb.cfg • Local: /verbatim/sample/acl.txt http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/verbatim/sample/acl.txt • Local: /verbatim/sample/server.properties http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/verbatim/sample/server.properties • Local: /verbatim/sample/sqltool.rc http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/verbatim/sample/sqltool.rc • Local: /verbatim/sample/hsqldb.init http://hsqldb.org/doc/2.0/verbatim/sample/hsqldb.init 301 SQL Index Symbols _SYSTEM ROLE, 90 A ABS function, 180 ACOS function, 180 ACTION_ID function, 200 ADD_MONTHS function, 189 ADD COLUMN, 61 add column identity generator, 63 ADD CONSTRAINT, 61 ADD DOMAIN CONSTRAINT, 65 ADMINISTRABLE_ROLE_AUTHORIZATIONS, 76 aggregate function, 118 ALL and ANY predicates, 115 ALTER COLUMN, 62 alter column identity generator, 63 alter column nullability, 63 ALTER DOMAIN, 64 ALTER INDEX, 72 ALTER routine, 68 ALTER SEQUENCE, 70 ALTER SESSION, 36 ALTER TABLE, 61 ALTER USER SET INITIAL SCHEMA, 93 ALTER USER SET LOCAL, 93 ALTER USER SET PASSWORD, 92 ALTER view, 64 APPLICABLE_ROLES, 76 ASCII function, 175 ASIN function, 180 ASSERTIONS, 76 ATAN2 function, 181 ATAN function, 180 AUTHORIZATION IDENTIFIER, 90 AUTHORIZATIONS, 76 B BACKUP DATABASE, 213 BETWEEN predicate, 114 binary literal, 103 BINARY types, 15 BIT_LENGTH function, 175 BITAND function, 181 BITANDNOT function, 181 bit literal, 103 BITNOT function, 181 BITOR function, 181 BIT types, 15 BITXOR function, 181 boolean literal, 104 BOOLEAN types, 13 boolean value expression, 112 C CARDINALITY function, 193 CASCADE or RESTRICT, 51 case expression, 108 CASEWHEN function, 195 CASE WHEN in routines, 153 CAST, 109 CEIL function, 181 CHANGE_AUTHORIZATION, 90 CHAR_LENGTH, 175 CHARACTER_LENGTH, 175 CHARACTER_SETS, 76 character literal, 102 CHARACTER types, 14 character value function, 111 CHAR function, 175 CHECK_CONSTRAINT_ROUTINE_USAGE, 77 CHECK_CONSTRAINTS, 76 CHECK constraint, 58 CHECKPOINT, 214 COALESCE expression, 108 COALESCE function, 195 COLLATE, 120 COLLATIONS, 77 COLUMN_COLUMN_USAGE, 77 COLUMN_DOMAIN_USAGE, 77 COLUMN_PRIVILEGES, 77 COLUMN_UDT_USAGE, 77 column definition, 54 column name list, 126 column reference, 106 COLUMNS, 77 COMMENT, 52 COMMIT, 39 comparison predicate, 113 CONCAT_WS function, 176 CONCAT function, 175 CONSTRAINT, 120 CONSTRAINT_COLUMN_USAGE, 77 CONSTRAINT_TABLE_USAGE, 77 CONSTRAINT (table constraint), 56 CONSTRAINT name and characteristics, 56 contextually typed value specification, 106 CONVERT function, 195 COS function, 181 COT function, 181 CREATE_SCHEMA ROLE, 90 CREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION, 163 CREATE ASSERTION, 74 302 SQL Index CREATE CAST, 72 CREATE CHARACTER SET, 73 CREATE COLLATION, 73 CREATE DOMAIN, 64 CREATE FUNCTION, 141 CREATE INDEX, 71 CREATE PROCEDURE, 141 CREATE ROLE, 93 CREATE SCHEMA, 52 CREATE SEQUENCE, 69 CREATE TABLE, 53 CREATE TRANSLATION, 73 CREATE TRIGGER, 65, 171 CREATE TYPE, 72 CREATE USER, 92 CREATE VIEW, 63 CROSS JOIN, 127 CRYPT_KEY function, 197 CURDATE function, 186 CURRENT_CATALOG function, 198 CURRENT_DATE function, 185 CURRENT_ROLE function, 198 CURRENT_SCHEMA function, 198 CURRENT_TIME function, 185 CURRENT_TIMESTAMP function, 185 CURRENT_USER function, 198 CURRENT VALUE FOR, 110 CURTIME function, 186 D DATA_TYPE_PRIVILEGES, 77 DATABASE_ISOLATION_LEVEL function, 199 DATABASE_NAME function, 198 DATABASE_TIMEZONE function, 185 DATABASE_VERSION function, 198 DATABASE function, 198 DATE_ADD function, 190 DATE_SUB function, 190 DATEADD function, 190 DATEDIFF function, 190 datetime and interval literal, 104 Datetime Operations, 18 DATETIME types, 17 datetime value expression, 111 datetime value function, 111 DAYNAME function, 186 DAYOFMONTH function, 187 DAYOFWEEK function, 187 DAYOFYEAR function, 187 DAYS function datetime, 187 DBA ROLE, 90 DECLARE CURSOR, 101 DECLARE HANDLER, 149 DECLARE variable, 148 DECODE function, 196 DEFAULT clause, 56 DEGREES function, 182 DELETE FROM, 134 derived table, 125 DETERMINISTIC characteristic, 143 DIAGNOSTICS function, 197 DIFFERENCE function, 176 DISCONNECT, 40 DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS, 77 DOMAINS, 77 DROP ASSERTION, 74 DROP CAST, 72 DROP CHARACTER SET, 73 DROP COLLATION, 73 DROP COLUMN, 61 drop column idenitty generator, 63 DROP CONSTRAINT, 62 DROP DEFAULT (table), 62 DROP DOMAIN, 65 DROP DOMAIN CONSTRAINT, 65 DROP DOMAIN DEFAULT, 65 DROP INDEX, 72 DROP ROLE, 94 DROP routine, 69 DROP SCHEMA, 53 DROP SEQUENCE, 71 DROP TABLE, 58 DROP TRANSLATION, 74 DROP TRIGGER, 67, 173 DROP USER, 92 DROP VIEW, 64 DYNAMIC RESULT SETS, 144 E ELEMENT_TYPES, 77 ENABLED_ROLES, 77 EXISTS predicate, 116 EXP function, 182 expression, 108 external authentication, 209 EXTERNAL NAME, 142 EXTRACT function, 188 F FLOOR function, 182 FOREIGN KEY constraint, 57 FOR loop in routines, 152 G generated column specification, 55 GET DIAGNOSTICS, 139 303 SQL Index GRANTED BY, 94 GRANT privilege, 94 GRANT role, 95 GREATEST function, 196 GROUPING OPERATIONS, 130 H HEXTORAW function, 176 HOUR function, 187 I identifier chain, 105 identifier definition, 50 IDENTITY function, 197 IF EXISTS, 51 IFNULL function, 196 IF STATEMENT, 153 INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_NAME, 77 IN predicate, 114 INSERT function, 176 INSERT INTO, 135 interval absolute value function, 112 interval term, 112 INTERVAL types, 20 IS_AUTOCOMMIT function, 199 IS_READONLY_DATABASE_FILES function, 199 IS_READONLY_DATABASE function, 199 IS_READONLY_SESSION function, 199 IS DISTINCT predicate, 117 ISNULL function, 196 IS NULL predicate, 115 ISOLATION_LEVEL function, 199 J JOIN USING, 128 JOIN with condition, 128 K KEY_COLUMN_USAGE, 78 L LANGUAGE, 143 LAST_DAY function, 189 LATERAL, 125 LCASE function, 176 LEAST function, 196 LEFT function, 176 LENGTH function, 177 LIKE predicate, 115 LN function, 182 LOAD_FILE function, 196 LOB_ID function, 200 LOCALTIME function, 185 LOCALTIMESTAMP function, 186 LOCATE function, 177 LOCK TABLE, 38 LOG10 function, 182 LOG function, 182 LOOP in routines, 151 LPAD function, 177 LTRIM function, 177 M MATCH predicate, 116 MAX_CARDINALITY function, 194 MERGE INTO, 137 MINUTE function, 187 MOD function, 182 MONTH function, 187 MONTHNAME function, 187 MONTHS_BETWEEN function, 189 N name resolution, 130 naming in joined table, 129 naming in select list, 130 NATURAL JOIN, 128 NEXT VALUE FOR, 109 NOW function, 186 NULLIF function, 196 NULL INPUT, 144 numeric literal, 103 NUMERIC types, 11 numeric value expression, 110 numeric value function, 110 NVL2 function, 197 NVL function, 197 O OCTET_LENGTH function, 177 OTHER type, 16 OUTER JOIN, 128 OVERLAPS predicate, 117 OVERLAY function, 177 P PARAMETERS, 78 password complexity, 208 PATH, 120 PI function, 182 POSITION_ARRAY function, 194 POSITION function, 178 POWER function, 183 PRIMARY KEY constraint, 57 PUBLIC ROLE, 90 304 SQL Index Q QUARTER function, 187 R RADIANS function, 183 RAND function, 183 RAWTOHEX function, 178 REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS, 78 REGEXP_MATCHES function, 178 REGEXP_SUBSTRING_ARRAY function, 178 REGEXP_SUBSTRING function, 178 RELEASE SAVEPOINT, 39 RENAME, 52 REPEAT UNTIL loop in routines, 152 REPEAT function, 178 REPLACE function, 178 RESIGNAL STATEMENT, 155 RETURN, 154 RETURNS, 141 REVERSE function, 178 REVOKE, 95 REVOKE ROLE, 95 RIGHT function, 179 ROLE_AUTHORIZATION_DESCRIPTORS, 78 ROLE_COLUMN_GRANTS, 78 ROLE_ROUTINE_GRANTS, 78 ROLE_TABLE_GRANTS, 78 ROLE_UDT_GRANTS, 78 ROLE_USAGE_GRANTS, 78 ROLLBACK, 39 ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, 39 ROUND function datetime, 191 ROUND number function, 183 ROUTINE_COLUMN_USAGE, 78 ROUTINE_JAR_USAGE, 78 ROUTINE_PRIVILEGES, 78 ROUTINE_ROUTINE_USAGE, 78 ROUTINE_SEQUENCE_USAGE, 78 ROUTINE_TABLE_USAGE, 79 routine body, 142 routine invocation, 120 ROUTINES, 79 ROW_NUMBER function, 200 ROWNUM function, 200 row value expression, 107 RPAD function, 179 RTRIM function, 179 S SAVEPOINT, 39 SAVEPOINT LEVEL, 144 schema routine, 67 SCHEMATA, 79 SCRIPT, 214 search condition, 120 SECOND function, 188 SECONDS_SINCE_MIDNIGHT function, 188 SELECT, 122 SELECT : SINGLE ROW, 150 SEQUENCE_ARRAY function, 194 SEQUENCES, 79 SESSION_ID function, 199 SESSION_ISOLATION_LEVEL function, 199 SESSION_TIMEZONE function, 185 SESSION_USER function, 198 SESSIONTIMEZONE function, 185 SET AUTOCOMMIT, 37 SET CATALOG, 41 set clause in UPDATE and MERGE statements, 136 SET CONSTRAINTS, 38 SET DATABASE AUTHENTICATION FUNCTION, 230 SET DATABASE COLLATION, 215 SET DATABASE DEFAULT INITIAL SCHEMA, 93 SET DATABASE DEFAULT ISOLATION LEVEL, 217 SET DATABASE DEFAULT RESULT MEMORY ROWS, 215 SET DATABASE DEFAULT TABLE TYPE, 215 SET DATABASE EVENT LOG LEVEL, 216 SET DATABASE GC, 216 SET DATABASE PASSWORD CHECK FUNCTION, 229 SET DATABASE SQL AVG SCALE, 222 SET DATABASE SQL CONCAT NULLS, 220 SET DATABASE SQL CONVERT TRUNCATE, 221 SET DATABASE SQL DOUBLE NAN, 222 SET DATABASE SQL IGNORECASE, 223 SET DATABASE SQL NAMES, 218 SET DATABASE SQL NULLS FIRST, 222 SET DATABASE SQL NULLS ORDER, 222 SET DATABASE SQL REFERENCES, 219 SET DATABASE SQL REGULAR NAMES, 218 SET DATABASE SQL SIZE, 218 SET DATABASE SQL SYNTAX DB2, 223 SET DATABASE SQL SYNTAX MSS, 223 SET DATABASE SQL SYNTAX MYS, 224 SET DATABASE SQL SYNTAX ORA, 224 SET DATABASE SQL SYNTAX PGS, 224 SET DATABASE SQL TDC DELETE, 219 SET DATABASE SQL TRANSLATE TTI TYPES, 220 SET DATABASE SQL TYPES, 219, 220 SET DATABASE SQL UNIQUE NULLS, 221 SET DATABASE TEXT TABLE DEFAULTS, 217 SET DATABASE TRANSACTION CONTROL, 217 SET DATABASE TRANSACTION ROLLBACK ON CONFLICT, 217 305 SQL Index SET DATABASE UNIQUE NAME, 216 SET DATA TYPE, 62 SET DEFAULT, 62 SET DOMAIN DEFAULT, 65 SET FILES BACKUP INCREMENT, 225 SET FILES CACHE ROWS, 226 SET FILES CACHE SIZE, 226 SET FILES DEFRAG, 226 SET FILES LOB SCALE, 228 SET FILES LOG, 227 SET FILES LOG SIZE, 227 SET FILES NIO, 227 SET FILES NIO SIZE, 227 SET FILES SCALE, 228 SET FILES SCRIPT FORMAT, 229 SET FILES WRITE DELAY, 227 set function specification, 108 SET IGNORECASE, 42 SET INITIAL SCHEMA*, 93 SET MAXROWS, 42 SET OPERATIONS, 130 SET PASSWORD, 93 SET PATH, 41 SET REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY, 225 SET ROLE, 40 SET SCHEMA, 41 SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION, 40 SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS, 40 SET SESSION RESULT MEMORY ROWS, 42 SET TABLE CLUSTERED, 59 SET TABLE read-write property, 59 SET TABLE SOURCE, 59 SET TABLE SOURCE HEADER, 60 SET TABLE SOURCE on-off, 61 SET TABLE TYPE, 59, 229 SET TIME ZONE, 41 SET TRANSACTION, 37 SHUTDOWN, 213 SIGNAL STATEMENT, 155 SIGN function, 183 SIN function, 183 SORT_ARRAY function, 194 sort specification list, 133 SOUNDEX function, 179 SPACE function, 179 SPECIFIC, 51 SPECIFIC NAME, 143 SQL_FEATURES, 79 SQL_IMPLEMENTATION_INFO, 79 SQL_PACKAGES, 79 SQL_PARTS, 79 SQL_SIZING, 79 SQL_SIZING_PROFILES, 79 SQL DATA access characteristic, 144 SQL parameter reference, 106 SQL procedure statement, 71 SQL routine body, 142 SQRT function, 183 START TRANSACTION, 37 string value expression, 111 SUBSTR function, 179 SUBSTRING function, 179 SYSDATE function, 186 SYSTEM_BESTROWIDENTIFIER, 80 SYSTEM_CACHEINFO, 80 SYSTEM_COLUMN_SEQUENCE_USAGE, 81 SYSTEM_COLUMNS, 81 SYSTEM_COMMENTS, 81 SYSTEM_CONNECTION_PROPERTIES, 81 SYSTEM_CROSSREFERENCE, 81 SYSTEM_INDEXINFO, 81 SYSTEM_PRIMARYKEYS, 81 SYSTEM_PROCEDURECOLUMNS, 81 SYSTEM_PROCEDURES, 81 SYSTEM_PROPERTIES, 81 SYSTEM_SCHEMAS, 81 SYSTEM_SEQUENCES, 81 SYSTEM_SESSIONINFO, 81 SYSTEM_SESSIONS, 81 SYSTEM_TABLES, 82 SYSTEM_TABLETYPES, 82 SYSTEM_TEXTTABLES, 82 SYSTEM_TYPEINFO, 82 SYSTEM_UDTS, 82 SYSTEM_USER function, 198 SYSTEM_USERS, 82 SYSTEM_VERSIONCOLUMNS, 82 SYSTIMESTAMP function, 186 SYS USER, 90 T TABLE_CONSTRAINTS, 79 TABLE_PRIVILEGES, 79 Table Function Derived Table, 126 TABLES, 79 TAN function, 183 TIMESTAMPADD function, 190 TIMESTAMPDIFF function, 190 TIMESTAMP function, 191 Time Zone, 17 TIMEZONE function, 185 TO_CHAR function, 192 TO_DATE function, 192 TO_NUMBER function, 184 TO_TIMESTAMP function, 192 TODAY function, 186 TRANSACTION_CONTROL function, 200 306 SQL Index TRANSACTION_ID function, 200 TRANSACTION_SIZE function, 200 transaction characteristics, 37 TRANSLATIONS, 79 TRIGGER_COLUMN_USAGE, 80 TRIGGER_ROUTINE_USAGE, 80 TRIGGER_SEQUENCE_USAGE, 80 TRIGGER_TABLE_USAGE, 80 TRIGGERED_UPDATE_COLUMNS, 79 TRIGGERED SQL STATEMENT, 172 TRIGGER EXECUTION ORDER, 172 TRIGGERS, 80 TRIM_ARRAY function, 194 TRIM function, 180 TRUNCATE function, 184 TRUNCATE SCHEMA, 135 TRUNCATE TABLE, 134 TRUNC function datetime, 191 TRUNC function numeric, 184 U UCASE function, 180 unicode escape elements, 102 UNION JOIN, 127 UNIQUE constraint, 57 UNIQUE predicate, 116 UNIX_TIMESTAMP function, 188 UNNEST, 125 UPDATE, 136 UPPER function, 180 USAGE_PRIVILEGES, 80 USER_DEFINED_TYPES, 80 USER function, 198 UUID function, 197 V value expression, 110 value expression primary, 106 value specification, 107 VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE, 80 VIEW_ROUTINE_USAGE, 80 VIEW_TABLE_USAGE, 80 VIEWS, 80 W WEEK function, 188 WHILE loop in routines, 151 WIDTH_BUCKET function, 184 Y YEAR function, 188 307 General Index Symbols _SYSTEM ROLE, 90 A ABS function, 180 ACL, 255 ACOS function, 180 ACTION_ID function, 200 ADD_MONTHS function, 189 ADD COLUMN, 61 add column identity generator, 63 ADD CONSTRAINT, 61 ADD DOMAIN CONSTRAINT, 65 ADMINISTRABLE_ROLE_AUTHORIZATIONS, 76 aggregate function, 118 ALL and ANY predicates, 115 ALTER COLUMN, 62 alter column identity generator, 63 alter column nullability, 63 ALTER DOMAIN, 64 ALTER INDEX, 72 ALTER routine, 68 ALTER SEQUENCE, 70 ALTER SESSION, 36 ALTER TABLE, 61 ALTER USER SET INITIAL SCHEMA, 93 ALTER USER SET LOCAL, 93 ALTER USER SET PASSWORD, 92 ALTER view, 64 Ant, 294 APPLICABLE_ROLES, 76 ASCII function, 175 ASIN function, 180 ASSERTIONS, 76 ATAN2 function, 181 ATAN function, 180 AUTHORIZATION IDENTIFIER, 90 AUTHORIZATIONS, 76 B backup, 204 BACKUP DATABASE, 213 BETWEEN predicate, 114 binary literal, 103 BINARY types, 15 BIT_LENGTH function, 175 BITAND function, 181 BITANDNOT function, 181 bit literal, 103 BITNOT function, 181 BITOR function, 181 BIT types, 15 BITXOR function, 181 boolean literal, 104 BOOLEAN types, 13 boolean value expression, 112 C CARDINALITY function, 193 CASCADE or RESTRICT, 51 case expression, 108 CASEWHEN function, 195 CASE WHEN in routines, 153 CAST, 109 CEIL function, 181 CHANGE_AUTHORIZATION, 90 CHAR_LENGTH, 175 CHARACTER_LENGTH, 175 CHARACTER_SETS, 76 character literal, 102 CHARACTER types, 14 character value function, 111 CHAR function, 175 CHECK_CONSTRAINT_ROUTINE_USAGE, 77 CHECK_CONSTRAINTS, 76 CHECK constraint, 58 CHECKPOINT, 214 COALESCE expression, 108 COALESCE function, 195 COLLATE, 120 COLLATIONS, 77 COLUMN_COLUMN_USAGE, 77 COLUMN_DOMAIN_USAGE, 77 COLUMN_PRIVILEGES, 77 COLUMN_UDT_USAGE, 77 column definition, 54 column name list, 126 column reference, 106 COLUMNS, 77 COMMENT, 52 COMMIT, 39 comparison predicate, 113 CONCAT_WS function, 176 CONCAT function, 175 CONSTRAINT, 120 CONSTRAINT_COLUMN_USAGE, 77 CONSTRAINT_TABLE_USAGE, 77 CONSTRAINT (table constraint), 56 CONSTRAINT name and characteristics, 56 contextually typed value specification, 106 CONVERT function, 195 COS function, 181 COT function, 181 308 General Index CREATE_SCHEMA ROLE, 90 CREATE AGGREGATE FUNCTION, 163 CREATE ASSERTION, 74 CREATE CAST, 72 CREATE CHARACTER SET, 73 CREATE COLLATION, 73 CREATE DOMAIN, 64 CREATE FUNCTION, 141 CREATE INDEX, 71 CREATE PROCEDURE, 141 CREATE ROLE, 93 CREATE SCHEMA, 52 CREATE SEQUENCE, 69 CREATE TABLE, 53 CREATE TRANSLATION, 73 CREATE TRIGGER, 65, 171 CREATE TYPE, 72 CREATE USER, 92 CREATE VIEW, 63 CROSS JOIN, 127 CRYPT_KEY function, 197 CURDATE function, 186 CURRENT_CATALOG function, 198 CURRENT_DATE function, 185 CURRENT_ROLE function, 198 CURRENT_SCHEMA function, 198 CURRENT_TIME function, 185 CURRENT_TIMESTAMP function, 185 CURRENT_USER function, 198 CURRENT VALUE FOR, 110 CURTIME function, 186 D DATA_TYPE_PRIVILEGES, 77 DATABASE_ISOLATION_LEVEL function, 199 DATABASE_NAME function, 198 DATABASE_TIMEZONE function, 185 DATABASE_VERSION function, 198 DATABASE function, 198 DATE_ADD function, 190 DATE_SUB function, 190 DATEADD function, 190 DATEDIFF function, 190 datetime and interval literal, 104 Datetime Operations, 18 DATETIME types, 17 datetime value expression, 111 datetime value function, 111 DAYNAME function, 186 DAYOFMONTH function, 187 DAYOFWEEK function, 187 DAYOFYEAR function, 187 DAYS function datetime, 187 DBA ROLE, 90 DECLARE CURSOR, 101 DECLARE HANDLER, 149 DECLARE variable, 148 DECODE function, 196 DEFAULT clause, 56 DEGREES function, 182 DELETE FROM, 134 derived table, 125 DETERMINISTIC characteristic, 143 DIAGNOSTICS function, 197 DIFFERENCE function, 176 DISCONNECT, 40 DOMAIN_CONSTRAINTS, 77 DOMAINS, 77 DROP ASSERTION, 74 DROP CAST, 72 DROP CHARACTER SET, 73 DROP COLLATION, 73 DROP COLUMN, 61 drop column idenitty generator, 63 DROP CONSTRAINT, 62 DROP DEFAULT (table), 62 DROP DOMAIN, 65 DROP DOMAIN CONSTRAINT, 65 DROP DOMAIN DEFAULT, 65 DROP INDEX, 72 DROP ROLE, 94 DROP routine, 69 DROP SCHEMA, 53 DROP SEQUENCE, 71 DROP TABLE, 58 DROP TRANSLATION, 74 DROP TRIGGER, 67, 173 DROP USER, 92 DROP VIEW, 64 DYNAMIC RESULT SETS, 144 E ELEMENT_TYPES, 77 ENABLED_ROLES, 77 EXISTS predicate, 116 EXP function, 182 expression, 108 external authentication, 209 EXTERNAL NAME, 142 EXTRACT function, 188 F FLOOR function, 182 FOREIGN KEY constraint, 57 FOR loop in routines, 152 309 General Index HEXTORAW function, 176 HOUR function, 187 LENGTH function, 177 LIKE predicate, 115 LN function, 182 LOAD_FILE function, 196 LOB_ID function, 200 LOCALTIME function, 185 LOCALTIMESTAMP function, 186 LOCATE function, 177 LOCK TABLE, 38 LOG10 function, 182 LOG function, 182 LOOP in routines, 151 LPAD function, 177 LTRIM function, 177 I M identifier chain, 105 identifier definition, 50 IDENTITY function, 197 IF EXISTS, 51 IFNULL function, 196 IF STATEMENT, 153 INFORMATION_SCHEMA_CATALOG_NAME, 77 init script, 265 IN predicate, 114 INSERT function, 176 INSERT INTO, 135 interval absolute value function, 112 interval term, 112 INTERVAL types, 20 IS_AUTOCOMMIT function, 199 IS_READONLY_DATABASE_FILES function, 199 IS_READONLY_DATABASE function, 199 IS_READONLY_SESSION function, 199 IS DISTINCT predicate, 117 ISNULL function, 196 IS NULL predicate, 115 ISOLATION_LEVEL function, 199 MATCH predicate, 116 MAX_CARDINALITY function, 194 memory use, 272 MERGE INTO, 137 MINUTE function, 187 MOD function, 182 MONTH function, 187 MONTHNAME function, 187 MONTHS_BETWEEN function, 189 G generated column specification, 55 GET DIAGNOSTICS, 139 Gradle, 288 GRANTED BY, 94 GRANT privilege, 94 GRANT role, 95 GREATEST function, 196 GROUPING OPERATIONS, 130 H J JOIN USING, 128 JOIN with condition, 128 K KEY_COLUMN_USAGE, 78 L LANGUAGE, 143 LAST_DAY function, 189 LATERAL, 125 LCASE function, 176 LEAST function, 196 LEFT function, 176 N name resolution, 130 naming in joined table, 129 naming in select list, 130 NATURAL JOIN, 128 NEXT VALUE FOR, 109 NOW function, 186 NULLIF function, 196 NULL INPUT, 144 numeric literal, 103 NUMERIC types, 11 numeric value expression, 110 numeric value function, 110 NVL2 function, 197 NVL function, 197 O OCTET_LENGTH function, 177 OTHER type, 16 OUTER JOIN, 128 OVERLAPS predicate, 117 OVERLAY function, 177 P PARAMETERS, 78 password complexity, 208 PATH, 120 310 General Index PI function, 182 POSITION_ARRAY function, 194 POSITION function, 178 POWER function, 183 PRIMARY KEY constraint, 57 PUBLIC ROLE, 90 Q QUARTER function, 187 R RADIANS function, 183 RAND function, 183 RAWTOHEX function, 178 REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS, 78 REGEXP_MATCHES function, 178 REGEXP_SUBSTRING_ARRAY function, 178 REGEXP_SUBSTRING function, 178 RELEASE SAVEPOINT, 39 RENAME, 52 REPEAT UNTIL loop in routines, 152 REPEAT function, 178 REPLACE function, 178 RESIGNAL STATEMENT, 155 RETURN, 154 RETURNS, 141 REVERSE function, 178 REVOKE, 95 REVOKE ROLE, 95 RIGHT function, 179 ROLE_AUTHORIZATION_DESCRIPTORS, 78 ROLE_COLUMN_GRANTS, 78 ROLE_ROUTINE_GRANTS, 78 ROLE_TABLE_GRANTS, 78 ROLE_UDT_GRANTS, 78 ROLE_USAGE_GRANTS, 78 ROLLBACK, 39 ROLLBACK TO SAVEPOINT, 39 ROUND function datetime, 191 ROUND number function, 183 ROUTINE_COLUMN_USAGE, 78 ROUTINE_JAR_USAGE, 78 ROUTINE_PRIVILEGES, 78 ROUTINE_ROUTINE_USAGE, 78 ROUTINE_SEQUENCE_USAGE, 78 ROUTINE_TABLE_USAGE, 79 routine body, 142 routine invocation, 120 ROUTINES, 79 ROW_NUMBER function, 200 ROWNUM function, 200 row value expression, 107 RPAD function, 179 RTRIM function, 179 S SAVEPOINT, 39 SAVEPOINT LEVEL, 144 schema routine, 67 SCHEMATA, 79 SCRIPT, 214 search condition, 120 SECOND function, 188 SECONDS_SINCE_MIDNIGHT function, 188 security, 5, 252, 255 SELECT, 122 SELECT : SINGLE ROW, 150 SEQUENCE_ARRAY function, 194 SEQUENCES, 79 SESSION_ID function, 199 SESSION_ISOLATION_LEVEL function, 199 SESSION_TIMEZONE function, 185 SESSION_USER function, 198 SESSIONTIMEZONE function, 185 SET AUTOCOMMIT, 37 SET CATALOG, 41 set clause in UPDATE and MERGE statements, 136 SET CONSTRAINTS, 38 SET DATABASE AUTHENTICATION FUNCTION, 230 SET DATABASE COLLATION, 215 SET DATABASE DEFAULT INITIAL SCHEMA, 93 SET DATABASE DEFAULT ISOLATION LEVEL, 217 SET DATABASE DEFAULT RESULT MEMORY ROWS, 215 SET DATABASE DEFAULT TABLE TYPE, 215 SET DATABASE EVENT LOG LEVEL, 216 SET DATABASE GC, 216 SET DATABASE PASSWORD CHECK FUNCTION, 229 SET DATABASE SQL AVG SCALE, 222 SET DATABASE SQL CONCAT NULLS, 220 SET DATABASE SQL CONVERT TRUNCATE, 221 SET DATABASE SQL DOUBLE NAN, 222 SET DATABASE SQL IGNORECASE, 223 SET DATABASE SQL NAMES, 218 SET DATABASE SQL NULLS FIRST, 222 SET DATABASE SQL NULLS ORDER, 222 SET DATABASE SQL REFERENCES, 219 SET DATABASE SQL REGULAR NAMES, 218 SET DATABASE SQL SIZE, 218 SET DATABASE SQL SYNTAX DB2, 223 SET DATABASE SQL SYNTAX MSS, 223 SET DATABASE SQL SYNTAX MYS, 224 SET DATABASE SQL SYNTAX ORA, 224 311 General Index SET DATABASE SQL SYNTAX PGS, 224 SET DATABASE SQL TDC DELETE, 219 SET DATABASE SQL TRANSLATE TTI TYPES, 220 SET DATABASE SQL TYPES, 219, 220 SET DATABASE SQL UNIQUE NULLS, 221 SET DATABASE TEXT TABLE DEFAULTS, 217 SET DATABASE TRANSACTION CONTROL, 217 SET DATABASE TRANSACTION ROLLBACK ON CONFLICT, 217 SET DATABASE UNIQUE NAME, 216 SET DATA TYPE, 62 SET DEFAULT, 62 SET DOMAIN DEFAULT, 65 SET FILES BACKUP INCREMENT, 225 SET FILES CACHE ROWS, 226 SET FILES CACHE SIZE, 226 SET FILES DEFRAG, 226 SET FILES LOB SCALE, 228 SET FILES LOG, 227 SET FILES LOG SIZE, 227 SET FILES NIO, 227 SET FILES NIO SIZE, 227 SET FILES SCALE, 228 SET FILES SCRIPT FORMAT, 229 SET FILES WRITE DELAY, 227 set function specification, 108 SET IGNORECASE, 42 SET INITIAL SCHEMA*, 93 SET MAXROWS, 42 SET OPERATIONS, 130 SET PASSWORD, 93 SET PATH, 41 SET REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY, 225 SET ROLE, 40 SET SCHEMA, 41 SET SESSION AUTHORIZATION, 40 SET SESSION CHARACTERISTICS, 40 SET SESSION RESULT MEMORY ROWS, 42 SET TABLE CLUSTERED, 59 SET TABLE read-write property, 59 SET TABLE SOURCE, 59 SET TABLE SOURCE HEADER, 60 SET TABLE SOURCE on-off, 61 SET TABLE TYPE, 59, 229 SET TIME ZONE, 41 SET TRANSACTION, 37 SHUTDOWN, 213 SIGNAL STATEMENT, 155 SIGN function, 183 SIN function, 183 SORT_ARRAY function, 194 sort specification list, 133 SOUNDEX function, 179 SPACE function, 179 SPECIFIC, 51 SPECIFIC NAME, 143 SQL_FEATURES, 79 SQL_IMPLEMENTATION_INFO, 79 SQL_PACKAGES, 79 SQL_PARTS, 79 SQL_SIZING, 79 SQL_SIZING_PROFILES, 79 SQL DATA access characteristic, 144 SQL parameter reference, 106 SQL procedure statement, 71 SQL routine body, 142 SQRT function, 183 START TRANSACTION, 37 string value expression, 111 SUBSTR function, 179 SUBSTRING function, 179 SYSDATE function, 186 SYSTEM_BESTROWIDENTIFIER, 80 SYSTEM_CACHEINFO, 80 SYSTEM_COLUMN_SEQUENCE_USAGE, 81 SYSTEM_COLUMNS, 81 SYSTEM_COMMENTS, 81 SYSTEM_CONNECTION_PROPERTIES, 81 SYSTEM_CROSSREFERENCE, 81 SYSTEM_INDEXINFO, 81 SYSTEM_PRIMARYKEYS, 81 SYSTEM_PROCEDURECOLUMNS, 81 SYSTEM_PROCEDURES, 81 SYSTEM_PROPERTIES, 81 SYSTEM_SCHEMAS, 81 SYSTEM_SEQUENCES, 81 SYSTEM_SESSIONINFO, 81 SYSTEM_SESSIONS, 81 SYSTEM_TABLES, 82 SYSTEM_TABLETYPES, 82 SYSTEM_TEXTTABLES, 82 SYSTEM_TYPEINFO, 82 SYSTEM_UDTS, 82 SYSTEM_USER function, 198 SYSTEM_USERS, 82 SYSTEM_VERSIONCOLUMNS, 82 SYSTIMESTAMP function, 186 SYS USER, 90 T TABLE_CONSTRAINTS, 79 TABLE_PRIVILEGES, 79 Table Function Derived Table, 126 TABLES, 79 TAN function, 183 TIMESTAMPADD function, 190 TIMESTAMPDIFF function, 190 312 General Index TIMESTAMP function, 191 Time Zone, 17 TIMEZONE function, 185 TO_CHAR function, 192 TO_DATE function, 192 TO_NUMBER function, 184 TO_TIMESTAMP function, 192 TODAY function, 186 TRANSACTION_CONTROL function, 200 TRANSACTION_ID function, 200 TRANSACTION_SIZE function, 200 transaction characteristics, 37 TRANSLATIONS, 79 TRIGGER_COLUMN_USAGE, 80 TRIGGER_ROUTINE_USAGE, 80 TRIGGER_SEQUENCE_USAGE, 80 TRIGGER_TABLE_USAGE, 80 TRIGGERED_UPDATE_COLUMNS, 79 TRIGGERED SQL STATEMENT, 172 TRIGGER EXECUTION ORDER, 172 TRIGGERS, 80 TRIM_ARRAY function, 194 TRIM function, 180 TRUNCATE function, 184 TRUNCATE SCHEMA, 135 TRUNCATE TABLE, 134 TRUNC function datetime, 191 TRUNC function numeric, 184 W WEEK function, 188 WHILE loop in routines, 151 WIDTH_BUCKET function, 184 Y YEAR function, 188 U UCASE function, 180 unicode escape elements, 102 UNION JOIN, 127 UNIQUE constraint, 57 UNIQUE predicate, 116 UNIX_TIMESTAMP function, 188 UNNEST, 125 UPDATE, 136 upgrading, 277 UPPER function, 180 USAGE_PRIVILEGES, 80 USER_DEFINED_TYPES, 80 USER function, 198 UUID function, 197 V value expression, 110 value expression primary, 106 value specification, 107 VIEW_COLUMN_USAGE, 80 VIEW_ROUTINE_USAGE, 80 VIEW_TABLE_USAGE, 80 VIEWS, 80 313 .. .HyperSQL User Guide: HyperSQL Database Engine (HSQLDB) 2.2 by , Blaine Simpson, and Fred Toussi $Revision: 5139 $ Publication... All-in-one HTML guide. html http://hsqldb.org /doc/ 2.0 /guide/ guide.html PDF guide. pdf http://hsqldb.org /doc/ 2.0 /guide/ guide.pdf If you are reading this document now with a standalone PDF reader,... package • HyperSQL RDBMS Engine (HSQLDB) • HyperSQL JDBC Driver • Database Manager (GUI database access tool, with Swing and AWT versions) • Sql Tool (command line database access tool) The HyperSQL