Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment Edited by Christoph Beat Graber i-call, University of Lucerne, Switzerland and Mira Burri-Nenova World Trade Institute, University of Berne, Switzerland Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK ã Northampton, MA, USA â The Editors and Contributors Severally 2008 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited The Lypiatts 15 Lansdown Road Cheltenham Glos GL50 2JA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc William Pratt House Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2008932911 ISBN 978 84720 921 Typeset by Cambrian Typesetters, Camberley, Surrey Printed and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall Contents List of contributors Preface vii xi PART 1: LOCAL TRADITIONS AND GLOBAL LAW Lost in tradition? Reconsidering the history of folklore and its legal protection since 1800 Monika Dommann Cannibalizing epistemes: will modern law protect traditional cultural expressions? Gunther Teubner and Andreas Fischer-Lescano 17 PART 2: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND HUMAN RIGHTS The Disneyland of cultural rights to intellectual property: anthropological and philosophical perspectives Elizabeth Burns Coleman Human rights, cultural property and intellectual property: three concepts in search of a relationship Fiona Macmillan Using human rights to tackle fragmentation in the field of traditional cultural expressions: an institutional approach Christoph Beat Graber 49 73 96 PART 3: INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW AND POLICY Legal protection of traditional cultural expressions: a policy perspective Martin A Girsberger “It’s a small world (after all)”: some reflections on intellectual property and traditional cultural expressions Wend B Wendland The lay of the land: the geography of traditional cultural expression Johanna Gibson v 123 150 182 vi Contents PART 4: NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND DEVELOPMENT The long tail of the rainbow serpent: new technologies and the protection and promotion of traditional cultural expressions Mira Burri-Nenova 10 New information and communication technologies, traditional cultural expressions and intellectual property lawmaking – a polemic comment Herbert Burkert 11 Commercializing cultural heritage? Criteria for a balanced instrumentalization of traditional cultural expressions for development in a globalized digital environment Miriam Sahlfeld 12 Traditional cultural expressions and their significance for development in a digital environment: examples from Australia and Southeast Asia Christoph Antons 205 237 256 287 ANNEX Excerpts from documents of the WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore 303 Index 315 Contributors Christoph Antons Christoph Antons is Professor of Comparative Law and Director, Centre for Comparative Law and Development Studies in Asia and the Pacific (CLDSAP), University of Wollongong, Australia; QEII Fellow, Australian Research Council; Adjunct Research Fellow, Max Planck Institute for Intellectual Property, Competition and Tax Law in Munich; Senior Fellow (Graduate Program), Faculty of Law, University of Melbourne Recent book publications include Globalisation and Resistance: Law Reform in Asia since the Crisis (Hart, 2007; co-edited with Volkmar Gessner) and Law and Development in East and Southeast Asia (Routledge Curzon, 2003) Herbert Burkert Herbert Burkert is Professor for Public Law, Information and Communication Law and President of the Research Centre for Information Law at the University of St Gallen, Switzerland He is also a Senior Researcher at the Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems in Germany, an International Fellow of the Yale Law School Information Society Project and has been an International Scholar at the Information Law and Policy Institute of the New York Law School Herbert Burkert has been an advisor on information law and policy issues to the OECD, to the European Commission, to the Council of Europe, and to national governments and NGOs He also serves as the Executive Director of a Contemporary Art foundation in Germany Mira Burri-Nenova Mira Burri-Nenova, Dr iur., MAES, is a Senior Research Fellow at the World Trade Institute of the University of Berne and a Fellow at the research centre i-call (International Communications and Art Law Lucerne) of the University of Lucerne She is the Alternate Leader of the research project “eDiversity: The Protection of Cultural Diversity in a Digital Networked Environment”, which is part of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research “International Trade Regulation” Mira Burri-Nenova is the author of EC Electronic Communications and Competition Law (Cameron May, 2007), as vii viii Contributors well as co-editor of Free Trade versus Cultural Diversity: WTO Negotiations in the Field of Audiovisual Services (Schulthess, 2004) and Digital Rights Management: The End of Collecting Societies? (Staempfli, 2005) Elizabeth Burns Coleman Elizabeth Coleman is a postdoctoral fellow in philosophy and communications at Monash University She is the author of Aboriginal Art, Identity and Appropriation (Ashgate, 2005) and numerous articles and chapters on indigenous arts and law She has lectured in aesthetics, ethics, political philosophy and the philosophy of law at La Trobe University, Wollongong University, and the Australian National University (ANU), and held a postdoctoral fellowship at the ANU’s Centre for Cross Cultural Research Monika Dommann Monika Dommann studied history and economics at the University of Zurich The Swiss National Foundation funds her habilitation project on the cultural and technological history of copyright Her main areas of interest are the social and cultural history of nineteenth and twentieth centuries, especially the history of science, technology and law Her recent publications on copyright include: Papierstau und Informationsfluss: Die Normierung der Bibliothekskopie (2008) Historische Anthropologie 1; Notieren, Aufzeichnen, Vervielfältigen: Medientechnische Umbrüche von Musik im Urheberrecht in Adelmann, Hesse, Keilbach, Stauff, Thiele (eds.), Ökonomie des Medialen Tausch, Wert und Zirkulation in den Medien- und Kulturwissenschaften (transcript, 2006) Andreas Fischer-Lescano Professor of Law, teaches public law, European and international public law, and legal theory at the Centre for European Law and Politics (ZERP), University of Bremen He holds a law degree at the University of Frankfurt and a Master of European, Comparative and International Legal Studies from the European University Institute, Florence His doctoral thesis (University of Frankfurt) dealt with transnational legal processes and the emergence of a global constitution Upon accomplishing his habilitation (Frankfurt, 2007), Fischer-Lescano taught public law at the University of Bielefeld In summer 2008, he joined the ZERP at the University of Bremen Recent publications include: Globalverfassung Die Geltungsbegründung der Menschenrechte, 2005; Regimekollisionen Zur Fragmentierung des globalen Rechts, 2006 (with Gunther Teubner); Das Ganze des Rechts Von hierarchischen zum reflexiven Verständnis deutscher und europäischer Grundrechte, 2007 (with Ralph Christensen); Hegemonie gepanzert mit Zwang Zwilgesellschaft und Politik im Staatsverständnis von Antonio Gramsci, 2007 (edited with Sonja Buckel) Contributors ix Johanna Gibson Johanna Gibson is Herchel Smith Professor of Intellectual Property Law and Co-Director of the Queen Mary Intellectual Property Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, where she researches and teaches in intellectual property and traditional knowledge Johanna is the author of numerous articles as well as two recent books, Creating Selves: Intellectual Property and the Narration of Culture (Ashgate, 2006) and Community Resources: Intellectual Property, International Trade and Protection of Traditional Knowledge (Ashgate, 2005) Martin A Girsberger Martin Girsberger is Co-Head of Legal Services, Patents and Designs, of the Swiss Federal Institute of Intellectual Property He is responsible for the area of intellectual property – genetic resources – traditional knowledge He is head of the Swiss delegation to the Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC) of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and a member of the Swiss delegations to various other international fora Martin Girsberger holds an Attorney at Law degree and received a Dr iur degree from the University of Berne and an LL.M degree from the Duke University School of Law Christoph Beat Graber Christoph Beat Graber, Professor of Law, is head of the research centre i-call (International Communications and Art Law Lucerne) of the University of Lucerne Faculty of Law and leader of the NCCR eDiversity Project He teaches in the fields of communications and art law, international trade law and legal sociology Christoph is a member of the Swiss Federal Arbitration Commission for the Exploitation of Author’s Rights and Neighbouring Rights and advisor to various branches of the Swiss Government on matters related to international trade and culture He is author of Handel und Kultur im Audiovisionsrecht der WTO (Staempfli, 2003), co-editor of Free Trade versus Cultural Diversity: WTO Negotiations in the Field of Audiovisual Services (Schulthess, 2004) and Digital Rights Management: The End of Collecting Societies? (Staempfli, 2005), as well as a member of the board of editors of the Swiss journal of communications law “medialex” Fiona Macmillan Fiona Macmillan is Professor of Law at Birkbeck, University of London Her research interests are focused on intellectual property law and policy, cultural ix x Contributors policy, and the law of the World Trade Organization She is the Convenor of the AHRC Network on New Directions in Copyright and the editor of the Edward Elgar series, New Directions in Copyright Law Miriam Sahlfeld Miriam Sahlfeld holds a law degree from the University of Kiel (Germany) and was admitted to the bar in 1999 While a research fellow at the University of Basel, she finished her dissertation, Changes in the Exercise of State Power, Evidenced by Governmental Reactions to Breaches of Law on the Internet During a two-year stay in Stockholm, she gained an LL.M in European Law Upon her return in June 2006, Miriam joined i-call (International Communications and Art Law Lucerne) and the NCCR eDiversity project Since mid-2007, she has clerked at the Swiss Federal Administrative Court in matters of public procurement and trademark law Gunther Teubner Gunther Teubner is a Professor of Private Law and Legal Sociology at the University of Frankfurt; Centennial Visiting Professor at the London School of Economics, as well as Dr.h.c of the University Lucerne His research fields encompass social theory of law and comparative private law Gunther Teubner is author of the following selected works: Regime-Kollisionen 2006; Costituzionalismo societario 2005; Netzwerk als Vertragsverbund 2003; as well as editor/author of Network Contracts 2007; Paradoxes and Inconsistencies in the Law 2005; Constitutionalism and Transnational Governance 2004; Global Law Without a State 1998 Wend B Wendland Wend Wendland is Head of the Traditional Creativity, Cultural Expressions and Cultural Heritage Section of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in Geneva, Switzerland He is also the Deputy Director of WIPO’s Global IP Issues Division, which he joined as a founding member at its establishment in 1997 Before joining WIPO, he was in private law practice for eight years in Johannesburg, South Africa, as a partner of the law firm Webber Wentzel Bowens, where he practised in the fields of copyright and related rights, competition law and media/broadcasting law He taught copyright and trademark law part time at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg Wend Wendland obtained his B.A and LL.B degrees in 1984 and 1986 respectively, and a LL.M degree in copyright, trademark and competition law in 1996 He was admitted as an Attorney of the Supreme Court of South Africa in 1989 x 316 Index Berners-Lee, T 215 Bettig, R 82 bio-piracy 26–7, 28, 34, 44 biological diversity and cultural diversity 80 and information access 176 and traditional knowledge protection 21, 26 WIPO Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 126, 127, 134–9, 142, 145, 176, 185–6 Blakeney, M 79, 93, 97, 99, 110, 113, 206 Bluemel, E 251 Bödeker, S., O Moldenhauer and B Rubbel 33 Bolivia, copyright legislation 10, 12, 13 Bollier, D 211, 225 Bonn Guidelines on Access to Genetic Resources and Benefit-sharing 39, 45, 134–5 Boudon, R 20 Boyle, J 227 Bragues, G 223 Brand, U and C Görg 43 Brazil Ayahuasca plant 24–5 community definition 42 Creative Commons 231 traditional knowledge 21 Brooks, E 249 Brown, D 252 Brown, M 14, 24, 51–2, 53, 61–2, 67, 71, 98, 110, 111, 112, 114, 151, 166, 208, 214, 224, 227, 232, 233, 234, 236, 252, 268, 292 Brynjolfsson, E 218, 219, 220, 221, 222 Buckle, S 55 Burkert, Herbert 237–55 Burma oral and written culture 294 perishable cultures (Karens) 51 Burns Coleman, Elizabeth 49–72 Burri-Nenova, Mira 205–36 Butler, J 215 Call of the Earth (COE) 36 Calliess, G.-P 28 Camp, M.-A 43 Canada aboriginal peoples’ rights 32, 36, 67–8 cultural suppression 59 Delmaguuku v British Columbia 67–8 First Nations law 69, 70 Four Directions Council 36, 145 indigenous communities 64 language and culture 57–8 Capling, A 82 Carlsson, U 242 Carpenter, M 268 Caruana, W 182 Castells, M 216, 235 Certeau, M de 196, 198 Chakava, H 281 Chamberlin, J.E 67–8 Chander, A and M Sunder 227 Chaves, A 13 Chile, copyright legislation 10, 12 China Ethnic Hexhe Sipai Village v Guo Song and Chinese Central Television and Beichen Shopping Centre 155 music culture 297 traditional cultural expressions and IP 155, 273, 283 Chon, M 85 Christensen, R 28 Cilliers, P 214 Cohen, A 261, 262, 285 Cohen, E 290, 293 Cohen, J 210, 211, 224 colonialism colonial law, and indigenous laws 30–31, 50, 59 copyright after decolonization 9–12, 15 and cultural suppression 59 new 198, 199 and trading minorities 291–2 commercialization traditional cultural expressions (TCE) 233–4, 266–8, 270–74, 280–81, 289 of traditional knowledge 198–9 Conway, S 293 Coombe, R 24, 27, 31, 58–9, 69, 70, Index 83–4, 111, 112, 114, 152, 156–7, 165, 173, 208, 209, 212, 227, 229, 230, 267, 272, 276 Coon, O.W copyright collective authorship 110, 113–14 commercial distribution rights 80–81 contemporary indigenous artists and customary laws 98–9, 102–103 and corporate regulation 52, 81–2, 83–5 Creative Commons licence 224–5, 230–231, 234, 300 and creativity 210–11 and cultural authenticity 174 and cultural diversity 79–81, 82, 84 and cultural heritage 175 derivative works 177–8 fair dealing right 84 and folklore 6–8, 9–13, 15 folklore in 6–8 and freedom of choice 84–5 and intellectual property ownership 81, 183–4, 209 international law 3–4, 9, 80–81, 85, 93 liberalisation of audio-visual sector 87 market acquisitions and mergers 82 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc v Grokster, Ltd 210–11 and public domain 173, 177 and public interest rights 81 resale right 156 and rituals 14–15 and self-determination 82, 184 ‘thin’ 177–8 and trademarks 155–6, 300 and traditional cultural expression (TCE) 98, 155, 168, 171, 183–4, 192, 267–8, 273, 281 and TRIPS Agreement 85–6 Tunis Model law on Copyright 153 Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) 4, 13 Walt Disney Prods v Air Pirates 83–4 Yumbulul v Reserve Bank of Australia 98–9, 113, 283 Correa, C 36, 44 317 cosmopolitan and ethnic ideals, difference between 64–5 Cotonou Agreement 259 Cottier, T and M Panizzon 21, 32, 118 court arts and folk crafts, distinction between 293–4 Cowen, T 227, 229 Coy, P 187 Craven, M 102 Crawford, S 228 Creative Commons licence 224–5, 230–31, 234, 300 creativity collective and individual 168, 170–1 and copyright 210–11 encouragement of, and intellectual property 156, 210–11 protection, and traditional cultural expressions (TCE) 154, 155, 156–7, 163, 166, 167, 168, 170, 174, 217, 227, 234 and traditional knowledge 187 creolization 53–4, 64 cultural authenticity and copyright 174 and financial equity 62 and land ownership 32, 187 and new technologies 251–3 norms of 70–71 and power 62, 71 and traditional cultural expressions (TCE) 295–6, 297–9 cultural degradation, through lack of protection 57, 60–61, 62–3, 70–1 cultural diversity and biological diversity 80 and copyright 79–81, 82, 84 and globalization 63 and human rights 78 promotion of 154, 212, 226–7, 283 protection of 175 and self-determination 82, 85–6, 164, 184 cultural exploitation 298 cultural form purity 57, 60, 70–71 cultural heritage commercializing 256–86 and copyright 175 intangible 128, 170, 226 and international law 91, 93 318 Index and national law 91 ownership of 65–6, 106–107, 174–5 protection and preservation, difference between 153, 162–3 and public domain 174–5 cultural identity and migration 262–3 and music 290, 297 and social identity 167–8, 170 cultural inertia 265 cultural nationalism 58–9 and political nationalism, difference between 60 cultural rights corporate regulation of 52–3 group and communal rights, development of 42–3, 95, 109–10 human rights as 88, 89–90, 108–9 and intellectual property 49–72, 90–4 international law 74–9, 88–90, 91, 118 perishable culture 51 protection of 87 see also human rights cultural self-determination 75–7, 104–5 and copyright 82, 184 and cultural diversity 82, 85–6, 164, 184 right to 88–9 cultural suppression, and colonialism 59 cultural tourism 271–3, 276, 281, 290 culture definition 105 and distributive justice 62 and ethnic identity 59–60, 63 as a good 63–7 and meaning to life 66–7 standards for assessing, absence of 61 culture essentialism, dangers of 295–6 customary law 30–31, 40–1 and contemporary indigenous artists 98–9, 102–3 and traditional cultural expressions (TCE) 146, 195, 196–8, 199, 209–10, 299 and traditional knowledge 37, 146 Daes, E.-I 26, 28, 29, 31, 34, 41, 49, 99–100, 106, 150, 208, 234 Dahm, B 289 Dajunco, M 297 Daltabuit, M and O Pi-Sunyer 272 de Sousa Santos, B 31 Dean, B 271 Del Corral, M 269 Deleuze, G and F Guattari 194 Delmaguuku v British Columbia 67–8 democracy, and traditional cultural expressions (TCE) 263–4 developing countries development, understanding of term 256–9 trading minorities 291–2 see also individual countries digital environment and commercialization 280–281 and cultural property 51–2, 67 digital rights management (DRM) 230 and economic development 276–82, 287–301 economic development and digital misappropriation 281–2 80/20 rule 217–18 and knowledge economy 187, 189 and land ownership 187 ‘Long Tail’ theory 218–20, 280 and music 280–81 network neutrality 228 sustainability of 228 traditional cultural expressions (TCE) 144, 299–300 see also new technologies Diki-Kidri, M 278 Dodson, M 151 Dommann, Monika 3–16 Donoghue, A 34 Douglas, M 256, 259, 260, 265, 280 Downes, D 32 Drahos, P 85, 243, 251 Drucker, P 186 Duffy, K 168 Dunkley, G 87 Dutfield, G 18, 229, 236 East Asian Seminar on Copyright 10 Eide, A 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108 Eiland, M 17 Index Eisenstadt, S 23 Emmerich, A 251 Erman, T 262 Europe Biopatent Directive 38 Intellectual Property Directive 44 Neem patent case 18, 19 Patent Treaty 18 Phonogram Archives Protection of Trademarks 79 sustainable development programmes 274, 275–6 Television Without Frontiers Directive 222 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 38 Fantognan, X 278 Farley, C 151, 166, 178 Fecteau, L 25 Ficsor, M 110, 118, 206 Fiji, certification trademarks 156 Fischer-Lescano, Andreas 17–45 Fitzgerald, B 232, 300 Fitzpatrick, P and R Joyce 94 Fodella, A 253 folk art and court crafts, distinction between 293–4 value of 67–70 folklore concept of 5–6 and copyright 6–8, 9–13, 15 copyright after decolonization 9–12, 15 definitions 11, 128, 130, 133 Delmaguuku v British Columbia 67–8 ‘fakelore’ 156 and oral history 67–8, 167 and public domain character 175 see also traditional cultural expressions (TCE) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) International Agreement on Plant Genetic Resources for Nutritional and Agricultural Purposes (IT-PGRFA) 38, 126, 127, 131, 138–9 and traditional knowledge 20, 37, 137 319 Foster, G 265 France, cultural tourism 272, 276 freedom of speech and private interest 83 and public domain 300 Freitas, A 24 Gaines, J 84 Gasser, U 210, 222, 224, 226, 239 Geertz, C 265 Gervais, D 32 Ghana, copyright legislation 10 Gibson, C 252 Gibson, Johanna 182–201, 261, 283 Ginsburg, J 210 Giove, R 24 Girsberger, Martin A 33, 39, 97, 111, 113, 123–49, 212 Glendon, M 110 global modernity law 30–31, 32, 40–1, 42–3 global and regional cultural principles collisions of social forms of differentiation 27–32 customary law 30–31, 40–41 differences between 23–7 globalization and cultural diversity 63 Internet 34, 215–16, 219–20, 226, 229–30, 254, 277–8 and national sovereignty 185–6 and new technologies see new technologies Google 34, 219 Gordon, W and R Bone 210 Graber, Christoph Beat 28, 32–3, 39, 63, 75, 87, 90, 91, 96–120, 210, 211, 212, 213, 217, 232, 249 Gramzow, R and J Tangney 243–4 Grantham, B 87 Gray, J 82 Greif, A 264 Grimm, J and W Grimmelmann, J 219 Guattari, F 194 Gudeman, S 266 Guenther, M 247 Gupta, A 164, 229 Hafstein, V 166, 167, 170 320 Index Hahn, M 25, 33, 34, 87, 88, 90, 249 Happel, D Harrison, S 14 Hart, H 54, 69 Harvey, D 190 Haugen, H 100, 102, 206 Helfer, L 107, 119, 206, 209, 210, 211–12, 232, 253 Hendrickson, C 271 Herder, J von 57, 58, 59, 60, 63 Hexhe Sipai Village v Guo Song 155 Heyd, T 114 Hobsbawm, E and T Ranger Hoffmann, C Honko, L 13, 14 Horowitz, D 51, 59–60 Howard, P 199 Howse, R 73 Hugenholtz, B 241 human rights bodies and instruments 136 collective dimension 110, 115 concept of 54–6, 73–95 and cultural diversity 78 and cultural form purity 57, 60, 70–71 cultural rights as 88, 89–90, 108–9 and culture practice 50–51 and expansionist tendencies 27–9 extrinsic and intrinsic values 29–31 as high-priority norms 55 and individual freedom of association 115–16 institutional aspects 108–14 intellectual property rights as 77–9, 88, 238 and international law 88, 136 law and morality 54–5 minority rights, protection of 105–6, 108–9 and ‘obligations to respect, protect and fulfil’ (CESCR) 102, 103–104 protection 29 and traditional cultural expressions (TCE), protection of 100–108 traditional knowledge as institutional addressee of 33–45 trans-individual 31–2 see also cultural rights Hunter, D 254 Hunter, J., B Koopman and J Sledge 230 Huntington, S 23 Hurlbut, W 275 ICT see new technologies India Biological Diversity Act (2002) 21 indigenous people 291 International Indian Treaty Council (IITC) 36 patents of natural products 17–18, 19 perishable cultures (Bihars) 51 and TCE digitisation 299 TCEs and tourism 290 Indigenous Collections Management Project 232 indigenous laws, and colonial law 30–31, 50, 59 Indigenous Peoples’ Council on Biocolonialism (IPCB) 36 Indonesia cultural identity 289–90, 297–8 cultural tourism 272–3 indigenous people 291, 292 music 290, 297 symbols as representations of national culture 296 traditional crafts 294, 297–8 Inglehart, R 263, 264 innovation see creativity intellectual property and copyright 81, 183–4, 209 and creativity, encouragement of 156, 210–11 and cultural rights 49–72, 90–4 human rights as 77–9, 88, 238 and tangible objects 92 use value 190–91, 192–3 see also WIPO International Convention for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) 38 international fora and instruments, current situation 131–6 see also individual organisations International Labour Organization (ILO) 37, 96, 106, 126, 136 international law Index assimilation approach 239–40 bad conscience lawmaking and its consequences 242–9 and copyright 3–4, 9, 80–81, 85, 93 and cultural heritage 91, 93 cultural rights 74–9, 88–90, 91, 118 delegation of litigation, benefits of 117–18 fiction of justice 116–17 fragementation of 19–20, 22, 37, 89–90, 96–100, 108, 119, 137, 212, 239–42, 273 group-rights approach 109–10, 185–6 and human rights 88, 136 innovative 240–41 and Internet 254 and local traditions 114–18 misconceptions for TCE 239–49 national positions, coherent 137–8 and social organisation patterns 117 technological change and domestication 239–42 and traditional custom 113–14, 185 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 139 see also national law International Monetary Fund (IMF), Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) 266, 270 International Office for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI) 9, 10 Internet 34, 215–16, 219–20, 226, 229–30, 254, 277–8 commons-based content production 222–4, 234, 300 content production, new types of 221–5 Janke, T 151, 155, 182, 183, 185, 205, 208, 288 Japan, IP right protection 145 John Bulun Bulun & Anor v R & T Textiles Pty Ltd 112 Johnson, V 294–5 Johnston, B 272 Johnston, D 109 Jones, C., N Anand and J Alvarez 252 Kaiser, G 44 321 Kälin, W and J Künzli 103, 105, 110 Kansa, E 231, 232, 233, 300 Keck, A and C Djiofack 277 Keen, A 223 Keeshig-Tobias, L 57–8 Kennedy, D 89 Keohane, R and J Nye 211–12 Keyes, C 292, 294 Khachaturian, A 249 Kingsbury, B 291 Klarman, B knowledge economy 186–7, 188, 191–3 Koenig, D 84 Kohls, M 25 Koshkenniemi, M 15, 20, 22 Kukathas, C 59, 60, 109, 115–16 Kurin, R 50–51 Kymlicka, W 32, 54, 59, 65–6, 109 Kyrgyzstan, traditional cultural expressions (TCE) 147 Labate, B and Araujo, W 24 Ladeur, K.-H 28 land ownership and digital environment 187 and traditional cultural expressions (TCE) 32, 184–91, 198 Landes, W 210–11 Landzelius, K 296 Lange, D 211 language 57–8, 59 Laos, TCEs 290, 294 Latour, B Latukefu, A 300 Laun, M 240 Leach, J 194 Lebkowsky, J and M Ratcliffe 218 Legman, G Legrand, P and R Munday 23 Lenzin, D Lessig, L 211, 224, 231 Leuprecht, P 246, 247 Levitt, T 82 Lewis, T and J Reichman 44 Lichtman, D and W Landes 210–11 Lindahl, C 166–7, 168 Litman, J 173 Long, D 247, 262, 272, 279 ‘Long Tail’ theory 218–20, 280 Luhmann, N 27, 28, 111 322 Lyotard, J.-F 191–2, 197 Mabit, J 24 MacBride, S 242 McCann, A 14 MacIntyre, A 65, 66 Macmillan, Fiona 73–95, 97 McRae, H 116 Maffi, L and T Skutnabb-Kangas 229 Malawi, copyright legislation 10 Malaysia, indigenous people 292 Mancini, F and A Gangemi 243 Maniratanavongsiri, C 294 Marcelino, T 182 Marden, E 18 Marsden, C 215, 220, 221 Marx, K 266–7 Mataatua Declaration on Cultural and Intellectual Property Rights 43, 151 Mattelart, A and M 242 Matthews, D 160 Maxwell, R 294 Mead, A 156 medicine, and patents 17–18, 19, 24–6, 33, 164 Meneley, A 267 Merry, S 30 Metcalfe’s Law 215 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc v Grokster, Ltd 210–11 Meyer, H migration, and cultural identity 262–3 Mills, S 166 Milpurrurru v Indofurn Pty Ltd 283 Moglen, E 211 Moore’s Law 214–15 Moreira da Silva, M 10 Morocco, copyright legislation 10, 12 Morphy, H 111, 112, 208 Mueller, M 214 Müller, E 252 Musgrave, T 104, 105 music authenticity of 297–8 copyright 7–8, 13–14, 93 and cultural diversity 82 and cultural identity 290, 297 Delmaguuku v British Columbia 67–8 Index and digital technology 280–81 First Nations law 69, 70 ‘floating lyrics’ 168 and legal title 67–8 Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) 80, 81, 85, 126, 132, 155, 238 Phonogram Archives 7–8 recording rights 3–4 royalties supply and demand 217–20 Musser, J and T O’Reilly 222, 223 Myrdal, G 265 national law and cultural heritage 91 and patents 33–5 see also international law Ndoye, B 12 Neem patent case 17, 18, 19, 25, 33 Netanel, N 74 Netherlands, Council for Culture 226, 228 Neves, M 26 new technologies bio-piracy 26–7, 28, 34, 44 and cultural authenticity 251–3 ICT4D (ICT for development) and Internet 277–8 information restriction by metadata 232 and international law 239–42 Internet content production, commons-based 222–4, 234, 300 Internet content production, new types of 221–5 market for cultural content impact 216–25 Metcalfe’s Law 215 Moore’s Law 214–15 and new diversity 216–21 overview 214–16 and perception of usefulness 251–3 polemic comment on 237–55 and policy measures 229–34 and power redistribution 240 repercussions of 225–34 search engines 34, 219–20 supply and demand side factors 217–20 Index television 216–17, 219 and traditional cultural expressions (TCE), protection of 205–36 World Bank traditional knowledge database 34 see also digital environment; globalization New Zealand indigenous communities, education of 230 ‘Maori Made’ mark 156 Nickel, J 54, 55 Nickerson, M and J Kaufman 230 North, D 265, 280 novelty criteria patents 19, 25, 33–4, 41 traditional knowledge 19, 209 Noyes, D 152, 170 OECD, Participative Web 224 O’Neil, D 265 Onus v Alcoa of Australia Ltd 42 oral history Delmaguuku v British Columbia 67–8 and folklore 67–8, 167 and language 57–8, 59 resilience of 292–5 O’Regan, T and B Goldsmith 222 O’Reilly, T 222, 223 Orford, A 73, 90 Ouilette, L and J Lewis 217 Ovesen, J 290 Palfrey, J 210, 228 Panama certification trademarks 155 economic development problems 266, 276 Papathanassopoulos, S 216–17 Papunya Tula art movement 294 patents Anja v Hahn 17 burden-of-proof based approach 118 and corporate regulation 52 flora and fauna 94 genetic resources, disclosure requirements 164 and medicine 17–18, 19, 24–6, 33, 164 323 national law, coordination of 33–5 Neem Tree 17–18, 19, 25, 33 novelty criteria 19, 25, 33–4, 41 and public domain 19, 34–5 and traditional knowledge 34–5, 118, 163 traditional medicine 17–18, 19, 24–6, 33 TRIPS Agreement 38–9 WIPO Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 35 WIPO Substantive Patent law Treaty (SPLT) 35 Patten, A 60 Pedersen, D 261 Penna, F and C Visser 271, 281 Perez, R 173 Petersmann, E.-U 89 Philippines, oral and written culture 294 Phillips, V 25, 268 Plumpe, G Posey, D 288 poverty reduction, and traditional cultural expressions (TCE) 264–73 Povinelli, E 192 Prakash, S 33 Prott, L 151, 163 public domain and copyright 173, 177 corporate control of intellectual 82–3, 84 and cultural heritage 174–5 and folklore 175 and patents 19, 34–5 traditional cultural expressions (TCE) in 172–7, 227 and traditional knowledge 175–7 WIPO preservation agenda 176 Puri, K 130 Putnam, R., R Leonardi and R Nanetti 263 Ramani, R 17–18 Randeria, S 18 Raven, M 177 Rebech, P 293 Ringli, D Rios de Davis, L 155 Romano, G 217, 261, 277 324 Romer, P 236 Rosas, A 101, 102, 104 Rose, C 96, 223 royalties, music Saetern, C 294 Sagnia, B 266, 267, 270 Sahlfeld, Miriam 256–86 Said, E 61, 182 Samuels, E 239 Samuelson, P 240 Sassen, S 22, 185, 186 Scafidi, S 151 Scheinen, M 101 Scherzinger, M 14 Schiller, H 242 Schillhorn, K 37 Schlatter, S 268, 273, 281 Schmutterer, H 17 Schrijver, N and F Weiss 275 Schüttpelz, E Seeger, C Sen, A 259–60, 283 Sen, K and D Hill 290, 297 Senegal, copyright legislation 10, 12 Serageldin, I and J Martin-Brown 269 Shand, P 166 Shannon, B 24 Shapiro, C and H Varian 218, 220 Shiva, V 18, 26 Simpson, M 193 Sinha, S 23 Sissons, J 295–6 Smallacombe, S 295, 296, 298 Smiers, J 82 Smith, R 213 Snyder, F 30 Solomon, M 254–5 song see music South Africa Creative Commons 231 Indigenous Knowledge Systems Policy 163 South Korea, paintings and freedom of expression 107 sovereignty and globalization 185–6 and traditional cultural expressions (TCE) 146–7, 299 and traditional knowledge 186–7 Index Spranger, T 29 Stavenhagen, R 32, 105, 109 Stichweh, R 23 Strathern, M 14 Stumberger, R 233 Surowiecki, J 220 sustainable development, and traditional cultural expressions (TCE) 269, 271–2, 273, 274–6 Swain, M 273, 283 Switzerland, traditional music symbol, swastika 60–61 symbols as representation of national culture 296 trademarks 155–6, 178, 300 symbols, protection of 60–61, 67, 93, 178, 279 coats of arms and ceremonial art 69–70 purity of form 71 sacred 179, 290 Talakai, M 155 Tamen, M 193 Tapscott, D and A Williams 223 Taubman, A 29, 31, 34, 41 Taylor, C 61 Taylor, P 289 technologies, new see new technologies Teubner, Gunther 17–45, 111, 116 Thailand indigenous people 291, 292 oral and written culture 294 symbols as representations of national culture 296 and TCE digitisation 299 TCEs 290, 293, 294, 299 traditional medicinal intelligence 21 Thomas, W Tomasi, J 62 Tonga, certification trademarks 155 tourism, cultural 271–3, 276, 281, 290 Towse, R 80, 81 Trachtman, J 89 trademarks 155–6, 178, 300 tradition, concept of 4–6 traditional cultural expression (TCE), and copyright 98, 155, 168, 171, 183–4, 192, 267–8, 273, 281 Index traditional cultural expressions (TCE) 12–16, 36 appropriation, harms of 56–64, 217, 233 collective and individual creativity 168, 170–71 commercialization 233–4, 266–8, 270–4, 280–81, 289 community perspective 168, 196–7, 298–9 complexity of 207–13 core characteristics 127, 167–9 and creativity protection 154, 155, 156–7, 163, 166, 167, 168, 170, 174, 217, 227, 234 and cultural authenticity 295–6, 297–9 cultural degradation through lack of protection 57, 60–61, 62–3, 70–71 cultural and social identity 167–8, 170 and cultural tourism 271–3, 276, 281, 290 and customary law 146, 195, 196–8, 199, 209–10, 299 and databases 144 definitions 133, 141, 165–7, 171, 207–8, 257–8, 270, 287–8, 293 and democracy 263–4 derivative works 177–8 digitisation of 144, 299–300 and economic development 154, 264–74, 284 economic development and digital misappropriation 281–2 economic development and digitization 276–82, 287–301 follow-on innovations 155 and fragmentation of international law 89–90, 96–100, 108, 119, 212, 239–42, 273 free, prior and informed consent (FPIC) 178, 179 freedom of expression and information 107 and global economy 114 and human development 259–64, 273–4 human development and digitization 277–9 325 human development of societies 262–4 and human and economic development 259–76 and human rights 49–72, 96–120, 209, 211, 263 and individual freedom of association 115–16 institutional approach 96–120 institutional approach and national coherence 137–8 institutional approach and relationship to other international instruments 138–9 within intellectual property rights discourse 152–65 and intellectual property rights expansion 52–3, 93, 107, 145, 150–81, 192, 209 and intellectual property rights, overview 154–7 and intellectual property rights, problems with 154–5, 209–10, 227, 238–9, 273, 283 and international bad conscience lawmaking 242–9, 254 international efforts, objectives and scope 139–40 and international law see international law international law, misconceptions for 239–49 John Bulun Bulun & Anor v R & T Textiles Pty Ltd 112 knowledge transmission and tradition 183–7 and land ownership 184–91, 198 land as territorial resource 193–5 legal protection of 123–49 licensing 179, 273 misappropriation 172, 199–200, 233, 279, 281–2, 308–9 and modern art 111–14, 117–18 moral claims 53, 61 multi-layered 297–9 museum preservation 192–3 nation state role 146–7, 299 national and local representations of culture 289–92 326 Index oral and written traditions, resilience of 292–5 overview 126–31, 167–9 and perishable culture 51 and poverty reduction 264–73 pre-existing 173–4 in the public domain 172–7, 227 purity of cultural forms 57, 60, 70–71 reproducible 167–8, 178 and Right to Benefit 113–14 secret 179 and social interconnectedness (creolization) 53–4, 64 and sustainable development 269, 271–2, 273, 274–6 symbols see symbols terminology and definitions at international level 127–31, 141–3 third party use 178–9 and trademarks 155–6, 178, 300 and traditional knowledge, distinction between 36, 99, 150–51 use value 190–91, 192–3, 266–8, 285 see also folk-lore; traditional knowledge; UNESCO; WIPO traditional cultural expressions (TCE), protection of beneficiaries 147–8 definition 141–3 and future 297–9 government role 146–7, 299 and guilt 243–4 and human rights 100–108 intellectual property-like devices 92–3 issues to be resolved 140–148 and new technologies 205–36 new technologies and perception of usefulness 251–3 overprotection claims 285 polemic comment on new technologies 237–55 policy objectives and guiding principles 143–4 and preservation, difference between 153, 162–3 procedural changes 253–5 repercussions of new technologies 225–34 scope of 172–9, 195–200 suggested measures 144–6 technical tools for 230–32 technical tools to promote 233–4 and WIPO see WIPO ‘zoological garden’ view 250–53 traditional knowledge Bonn Guidelines 39, 45, 134–5 commercialization of 198–9 communal-collective rights 42–3, 96, 109–10 and creativity 187 and customary law 37, 146 definition 41, 129–30, 131, 136, 287–8 and fragmentation of international law 19–20, 22, 37, 97–8, 137 global and regional cultural principles, differences between 23–7 as institutional addressee of human rights 33–45 knowledge-sharing spaces of indigenous peoples 176–7 licensing of 198–9 medicinal, documentation of 17–18, 19, 24–6, 33, 164 and national sovereignty 186–7 novelty of 19, 209 Onus v Alcoa of Australia Ltd 42 and patents see patents prior informed consent (PIC) and decision making 43, 44, 45 and profit distribution 44–5 protection, and biological diversity 21, 26 protection limitation by fictitious law of collision 40–41 protection, proceduralized 41–5 protection through globally defining indigenous IP rights 35–7, 51, 55–6, 57 and public domain 175–7 publications as ‘prior-art’ 163–4 and regime collisions 22–3 regulation through colliding norms 37–40, 42 resource transfer to indigenous communities 110 social issue framing 17–27 Index and traditional cultural expressions (TCE), distinction between 36, 99, 150–51 and transnational networks 17–18, 20–21 WIPO Protection of Traditional Knowledge 40, 255 see also folklore; traditional cultural expressions (TCE); UNESCO; WIPO Tunis Model law on Copyright 153 Tunisia copyright legislation 10, 12 traditional cultural expressions (TCE) 147 Tunney, J 150, 151, 155 Turkey, and TCE digitisation 299 Turmeric patents 17–18, 33 Uchtenhagen, U 175 UK Creative Economy Programme 187 Natural History Museum’s use of remains 192–3 Ullrich, H 42 UN Commission on Human Rights, Working Group on Indigenous Populations 43 Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) 37, 38, 45 Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) 37, 38, 96, 258, 271–2, 275 Convention on Biological Diversity 96 Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) 37, 38, 119 Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) 39–40, 49, 52, 75–7, 100–101, 102, 104–105, 107, 108–109, 110, 111, 116 Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) 75, 77, 100–103, 107, 108–109, 110, 111, 113, 118–19, 184, 206, 211 Declaration on the Rights of 327 Indigenous Peoples 38, 136, 255 Development Fund for Women (UNIFEM) 37 Development Programme (UNDP) 37, 38, 96 Economic Social and Economic Committee (ECOSOC) 37 Environment Programme (UNEP) 96, 288 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) 96 Food and Agriculture Organization see Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Human Development Programme 260 Human Rights Committee 39–40, 49–50, 99–100, 103, 104, 105, 108 Human Rights Council 106–107 Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Declaration 105–106, 109 International Bill of Rights 100, 103–104, 108, 116 Limburg Principles (CESCR) 102 ‘Protection of the Heritage of Indigenous Peoples’ 49–50, 99–100 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 100–101 Working Group on Indigenous Populations (UNWGIP) 37, 96, 296 World Conference on Human Rights (1993) 102 UNESCO Convention on Biological Diversity 80 and copyright 9, 10, 79–80, 85, 98 cultural property definition 50, 52 Culture, Tourism and Development 273 current situation 131–2 and folklore 12, 13 and fragmentation of international law 96, 97, 98, 119–20 and intellectual property rights 79–80 Model Provisions (UNESCO_WIPO) 20, 97, 123, 128, 131–2, 142, 153 328 Index narcissistic behaviour 244, 246–7 Safeguarding of Traditional Culture and Folklore Recommendation 13, 153, 167, 170, 288 sustainable development programmes 269, 271–2, 273, 275 World Commission on Culture and Development 84–5 World Heritage Convention 75, 91 see also traditional cultural expressions (TCE); traditional knowledge; WIPO UNESCO, Convention on the Protection of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (CDCE) 63–4, 86, 119–20, 129, 132, 142, 199, 244, 247–9 and copyright 85 and human rights 77–9, 107–108 and international cooperation 138, 140, 257 and international law 91, 153, 212–13 and sustainable development 275 UNESCO, Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (CICH) 50–1, 75, 88, 128, 132 and copyright 98 and human rights 77–9, 119–20 information access 176 and international cooperation 138, 139–40, 141, 247–9 and international law 91, 132, 153 and national culture 289 and patent rights 118 United States American Folklore Society 151, 167 Archive of Folk Songs 7–8 cultural survival standards 61 Declaration on Rights of Indigenous Peoples 38 indigenous communities 38, 64, 115, 145, 168, 174, 175, 177, 233 International Folk Music Council Longest Walk of the Indians 115 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc v Grokster, Ltd 210–11 Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) 25 Seminole tribe, commercial success 233 Tulalip Tribes, Washington State 168, 174, 175, 177 and UNESCO 247–9 Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) 4, 13 Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity 80 Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 77, 80 urban Aboriginals 114 Vaidhyanathan, S 211, 228 Van Alstyne, M and E Brynjolfsson 222 van Caenegem, W 34, 74, 81, 173 van Dyke, V 109 Verschraegen, G 28 Vertovec, S 262 Vesque von Püttlingen, J Vetter, T and E Katz 176, 177 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 139 Vietnam, oral and written culture 294 von Lewinski, S 98 Waelde, C and H MacQueen 83, 227 Waldron, J 53–4, 64–5, 66–7, 70, 74, 83–4, 85 Walt Disney Prods v Air Pirates 83–4 Weatherall, K 14 Webster, F 216, 235 Weinberg, J 254 Weinberger, D 220, 221, 223, 232 Wendland, Wend B 15, 97, 132, 150–81, 209 Wertheim, W 291 Whale, R Wilkins, K and Y.-G Chae 277 Willke, H 111 Wilson, S 251 Winston, B 240 WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) Asian-African Forum on Intellectual Property 162 Convention on Biological Diversity 131, 176 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 126, 127, 134–9, 142, 145, 176, 185–6 Index Copyright Treaty 10, 80, 81, 85, 238 Creative Heritage Project 164 current situation 132–3 and folklore 11, 12, 13 and fragmentation of international law 96, 97, 119–20 Geneva Declaration on the Future of the World Intellectual Property Organization (2004) 191 intellectual property legislation 15–16 Intergovernmental Panel on Forests 96–7 Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) 171 Model Provisions (UNESCO_WIPO) 20, 97, 123, 128, 131–2, 142, 153 national patent law liberalization 35 Paris Act (1971) 12 patent agenda 35–6 Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 35 Patent Law Treaty (PLT) 35 Performances and Phonograms Treaty (WPPT) 80, 81, 85, 126, 132, 155, 238 Protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions 36, 98, 99, 126–7, 142–3, 282–5 Protection of Traditional Knowledge 40, 255 public domain preservation agenda 176 Substantive Patent law Treaty (SPLT) 35 TCE definition 99, 126, 207–208, 257–8, 293 TCE protection 21, 33, 142–3, 145–7, 155, 172–9, 199, 205, 208, 209, 235–6, 244, 288 traditional knowledge definition 131, 288 Voluntary Contribution Fund for Accredited Indigenous and Local Communities 149, 160–61 see also traditional cultural expressions (TCE); traditional knowledge; UNESCO WIPO, Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge 329 and Folklore Intergovernmental Committee (IGC) 129–30, 132–3, 137, 152–3, 195–6, 291 and compulsive repetitive disorder 244–5 core concepts, re-evaluation of 164–5 current position (key questions) 158–60 Draft Provisions 169–71, 178–9, 303–14 future of 162–5, 226–7 key conceptual, policy and legal questions 36, 143–4, 165–71, 198, 199, 241, 244–5 key issues 157–8 mandate renewal 161–2, 200 and misappropriation 172 participation of indigenous and local communities 160–61, 164 protection scope 142–3, 145, 147, 155, 172–9, 199, 209, 288 Wiser, G 25 Woodmansee, M World Bank 37, 38 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP) 266, 270 sustainable development programmes 258, 263, 264, 265, 269, 271–2, 275, 276 traditional knowledge database 34 World Health Organization (WHO) 37, 96 World Intellectual Property Organization see WIPO World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) 226, 242, 278 World Summit for Sustainable Development 45 World Trade Organization (WTO) 37, 96 and cultural exception 87–8 Doha Round 39, 126, 134, 140 GATS 86–8, 89–90 GATT 87, 89 and heritage 91 most favoured nation (MFN) treatment 86 Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement 87 sustainable development programmes 20, 275 330 tariff and non-tariff barriers 86 and traditional knowledge 37 TRIPS Agreements 18, 35, 38–40, 80, 81, 85–6, 134, 139, 140, 186, 238, 243, 245 Wu, T 228 Wüger, D 113 Yu, P 206 Yumbulul v Reserve Bank of Australia 98–9, 113, 283 Index Zambia, copyright legislation 10 Zedler, J 4–5 Zellen, B 230 Zerner, C 299 Ziff, B and P Rao 56–7, 60, 63–4 Zografos, D 267, 273 Zuckerman, E 229 Zumbansen, P 28 ... Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems in Germany, an International Fellow of the Yale Law School Information Society Project and has been an International Scholar at the Information Law and Policy... traditional cultural expressions and intellectual property lawmaking – a polemic comment Herbert Burkert 11 Commercializing cultural heritage? Criteria for a balanced instrumentalization of traditional. .. between them would appear as a clash of rationalities – for example, environmental rationality against trade rationality, human rights rationality against the rationality of diplomatic intercourse Thus