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LIQUID, GASEOUS AND
SOLID BIOFUELS -
CONVERSION
TECHNIQUES
Edited by Zhen Fang
Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50479
Edited by Zhen Fang
Contributors
Anne Ruffing, Robert Diltz, Pratap Pullammanappallil, Emad Shalaby, Edilson León Moreno Cárdenas, Deisy Yuliana
Cano Quintero, Elkin Alonso Cortés Marín, László Kótai, Armando Tibigin Quitain, Bezergianni, Petra Patakova, Leona
Paulova, Mojmir Rychtera, Karel Melzoch, Jean-Michel Lavoie, Charalampos Arapatsakos, Michael Köpke, FungMin
Liew, Séan Dennis Simpson, Anli Geng, Fabiana Aparecida Lobo, Fernanda Pollo, Ana Cristina Villafranca, Mercedes De
Moraes, Hongjuan Liu, Amar Kumar Mohanty, Singaravelu Vivekanandhan, Nima Zarrinbakhsh, Manjusri Misra, Valeriy
Chernyak, Iñaki Gandarias, Pedro L. Arias
Published by InTech
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Copyright © 2013 InTech
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Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those
of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published
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use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.
Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic
Technical Editor InTech DTP team
Cover InTech Design team
First published March, 2013
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com
Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques, Edited by Zhen Fang
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-1050-7
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Contents
Preface IX
Section 1 Liquids 1
Chapter 1 Biofuels and Co-Products Out of Hemicelluloses 3
Ariadna Fuente-Hernández, Pierre-Olivier Corcos, Romain Beauchet
and Jean-Michel Lavoie
Chapter 2 Production of 2nd Generation of Liquid Biofuels 47
Leona Paulová, Petra Patáková, Mojmír Rychtera and Karel Melzoch
Chapter 3 Biofuels Ethanol and Methanol in OTTO Engines 79
Charalampos Arapatsakos
Chapter 4 Analytical Methodology for Determination of Trace Cu in
Hydrated Alcohol Fuel 109
Fabiana Aparecida Lobo, Fernanda Pollo, Ana Cristina Villafranca
and Mercedes de Moraes
Chapter 5 Gas Fermentation for Commercial Biofuels Production 125
Fung Min Liew, Michael Köpke and Séan Dennis Simpson
Chapter 6 The Promising Fuel-Biobutanol 175
Hongjuan Liu, Genyu Wang and Jianan Zhang
Chapter 7 Biobutanol from Renewable Agricultural and Lignocellulose
Resources and Its Perspectives as Alternative of
Liquid Fuels 199
László Kótai, János Szépvölgyi, Mária Szilágyi, Li Zhibin, Chen
Baiquan, Vinita Sharma and Pradeep K. Sharma
Chapter 8 Metabolic Engineering of Hydrocarbon Biosynthesis for Biofuel
Production 263
Anne M. Ruffing
Chapter 9 Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Liquid Biomass for Biofuels
Production 299
Stella Bezergianni
Chapter 10 Hydrotreating Catalytic Processes for Oxygen Removal in the
Upgrading of Bio-Oils and Bio-Chemicals 327
Iñaki Gandarias and Pedro Luis Arias
Chapter 11 Synthesis of Biomass-Derived Gasoline Fuel Oxygenates by
Microwave Irradiation 357
Armando T. Quitain, Shunsaku Katoh and Motonobu Goto
Section 2 Gases and Other Products 375
Chapter 12 Generation of Biohydrogen by Anaerobic Fermentation of
Organics Wastes in Colombia 377
Edilson León Moreno Cárdenas, Deisy Juliana Cano Quintero and
Cortés Marín Elkin Alonso
Chapter 13 Hydrogen Conversion in DC and Impulse
Plasma-Liquid Systems 401
Valeriy Chernyak, Oleg Nedybaliuk, Sergei Sidoruk, Vitalij
Yukhymenko, Eugen Martysh, Olena Solomenko, Yulia Veremij,
Dmitry Levko, Alexandr Tsimbaliuk, Leonid Simonchik, Andrej
Kirilov, Oleg Fedorovich, Anatolij Liptuga, Valentina Demchina and
Semen Dragnev
Chapter 14 Biofuels from Algae 431
Robert Diltz and Pratap Pullammanappallil
Chapter 15 Biofuel: Sources, Extraction and Determination 451
Emad A. Shalaby
Chapter 16 Conversion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch to Biofuels 479
Anli Geng
ContentsVI
Chapter 17 Coproducts of Biofuel Industries in Value-Added Biomaterials
Uses: A Move Towards a Sustainable Bioeconomy 491
S. Vivekanandhan, N. Zarrinbakhsh, M. Misra and A. K. Mohanty
Contents VII
Preface
Biomass is a renewable, unevenly geographically distributed resource that can be consid‐
ered sustainable and carbon-neutral if properly managed. It can be converted to high-quali‐
fied gaseous, liquid and solid biofuels with many techniques. This book focuses on the latest
conversion techniques for the production of liquid and gaseous biofuels that should be of
interest to the chemical scientists and technologists.
This book includes 17 chapters contributed by experts around world on conversion techni‐
ques. The chapters are categorized into 2 parts: Liquids and Gases and Other Products.
Part 1 (Chapters 1-11) focuses on liquid biofuels. Chapter 1 reviews pathways for the con‐
version of hemicellulose to biofuels and chemicals. Chapter 2 discusses the production of
cellulosic ethanol. Chapter 3 gives the experimental results of ethanol and methanol used in
Otto engines. Chapter 4 presents analytic methods to determine trace Cu in ethanol. Chapter
5 reviews gas fermentation process for the production of liquid fuels (e.g., ethanol, butanol
and 2,3-butanediol) and other products (e.g., acetic acid and butyric acid). Chapters 6 and 7
overview the production and applications of biobutanol. Chapter 8 describes the metabolic
pathways involved in microbial hydrocarbon fuel synthesis and discusses strategies for im‐
proving biofuel production using genetic manipulation. Thermal conversion and upgrading
techniques (such as catalytic hydroprocessing and microwave irradiation) are introduced in
Chapters 9-11.
Part 2 (Chapters 12-17) describes production methods for gases and other products. Chap‐
ters 12 and 13 introduce hydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation, and DC and im‐
pulse plasma-liquid systems, respectively. Chapter 14 overviews some techniques (e.g.,
anaerobic digestion, fermentation, lipid extraction and gasification) for the production of bi‐
ofuels from algae. Chapter 15 briefly introduces the production of biogas, biodiesel and
ethanol. Chapter 16 comments on various thermal and biological conversions of oil palm
empty fruit bunch to biofuels. Finally, Chapter 17 proposes a biorefinery concept for the co-
products of biofuels and value-added biomaterials for sustainable bioeconomy.
This book offers reviews state-of-the-art conversion techniques for biofuels. It should be of
interest for students, researchers, scientists and technologists in the engineering and scien‐
ces fields.
I would like to thank all the contributing authors for their time and efforts in the careful
construction of the chapters and for making this project realizable. It is certain to inspire
many young scientists and engineers who will benefit from careful study of these works and
that their ideas will lead us to develop even more advances methods for producing liquids
and gases from biomass resources.
I am grateful to Ms. Iva Simcic (Publishing Process Manager) for her encouragement and
guidelines during my preparation of the book.
Finally, I would like to express my deepest gratitude towards my family for their kind coop‐
eration and encouragement, which help me in completion of this project.
Zhen Fang
Leader of Biomass Group
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, China
PrefaceX
[...]... 2-hydroxy-3-methylcyclopent-2-enone; (2) 2-hydroxy-3,4-dimethylcyclopent-2-enone; (3) pyrocate‐ chol; (4) 3-methylbenzene-1,2-diol; (5) 4-methylbenzene-1,2-diol; (6) 3,4-dimethylbenzene-1,2-diol; (7) 2-methylben‐ zene-1,4-diol; (8) 1-( 2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone; (9) 1-( 3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone; (10) 1-( 3,4dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone; (11) 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde; (12) 1-( 2,3,4-trihydroxy -5 -methylphenyl)ethanone;... 7469 - Lb rhamnosus ATCC 9595 - (CECT288) L lactis IO-1 - Apple pomace Replacement of native pdc1 and S cerevisiae pdc5 by recombinant heterologous bovine L-LDH gene 15 16 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques Strain Gen Eng Str S cerevisiae pcd1 and adh1 recombinant genes Expression LA Tf Yield Prd (g/L) (h) (g/g) (g/L/h) Batch 71.8 65 0.74 1.1 [98] Semi-Batch 60 500 0.85 0.12 [99]... mixture of hydrogen peroxide and ammonium hy‐ droxide have been recently reported [181] with a conversion of 96 % at room temperature for 1 h Similar conversion of xylose was reported [182] for a process using oxygen and a molybde‐ 25 26 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques num and vanadium catalyst The reaction was done for 26 h at 353 K and 30 bar for a conversion of up to 54 %... recombinant achieving si‐ multaneous co-utilization of glucose/xylose This was done by introducing the pentose transporter area in C glutamicum chromosomal DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) C glutamicum is a noticeable candidate for its non-pathogenic and gram-positive nature, as well as its ex‐ 19 20 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques Figure 11 Glycolysis and phosphoketolase (pentose phosphate)... trarily to Bonrath, Pruesse and co-worker used a mixture of gold and palladium to perform this oxidation and temperature slightly higher (60 °C as compared to 40 °C) 23 24 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques Figure 12 Simplified conversion of xylose to xylonic acid Copper has also been indirectly investigated for the conversion of xylose to xylonic acid in that sense that Van der... one and two step process allowing conversion of furfural to Me-THF under a palladium-based catalyst and a mixture of palladium and copper oxide and chromium oxide as for the two step process Biofuels and Co-Products Out of Hemicelluloses http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52645 Lange [45] patented a process using palladium and titanium oxide whilst Zheng et al [46] worked with a copper alloy Value for Me-THF... are aromatics The presence of aromatics may be a result that the reac‐ 9 10 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques tion time was long and the isomerisation that was required in order to induce such reaction was efficient Johansson and Samuelson [51] tested the effect of alkali treatments (NaOH) on birch xylan and contrarily to the previous research; they found that the treatment led... distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 4 Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques With an actual market price of 0.48 USD per liter the value of this ethanol would range be‐ tween 15 0-1 87 USD per tonne of biomass processed Since the latter is more expensive to process (first isolation of cellulose then hydrolysis of cellulose) and considering... 79% 200 151.71 156 0.97 Reference Batch limited O2 [144] C tropicalis ASM III - 93% 200 130 120 1.08 Batch limited O2 [145] Candida sp 55 9-9 - 99% 200 173 121 1.44 Batch limited O2 [146] - 87% 200 172 48 3.66 Batch limited O2 [147] - 93% 270 251 55 4.56 Fed Batch [148] - 90% 260 234 48 4.88 Fed Batch [147] - 73% 250 - - - Fed Batch limited O2 [149] C tropicalis KCTC 10457 C tropicalis KFCC 10960 C... catalysis has the advantage over its chemical counterpart to be stereospecific: both L-lactate-dehydrogenase (L-LDH) and Dlactate-dehydrogenase (D-LDH) exist, generating either L-lactate or D-lactate respectively [65] Both are NAD-dependant (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and may be found alone or together in wild lactate-producing microbial strains Since optical purity of lac‐ tate is a major requirement . LIQUID, GASEOUS AND
SOLID BIOFUELS -
CONVERSION
TECHNIQUES
Edited by Zhen Fang
Liquid, Gaseous and Solid Biofuels - Conversion Techniques
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/50479
Edited. (2) 2-hydroxy-3,4-dimethylcyclopent-2-enone; (3) pyrocate‐
chol; (4) 3-methylbenzene-1,2-diol; (5) 4-methylbenzene-1,2-diol; (6) 3,4-dimethylbenzene-1,2-diol;
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