INSECTICIDES - DEVELOPMENT OF SAFER AND MORE EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGIES Edited by Stanislav Trdan Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3356 Edited by Stanislav Trdan Contributors Mahdi Banaee, Philip Koehler, Alexa Alexander, Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, Juliana Cristina Dos Santos, Ronald Zanetti Bonetti Filho, Denilson Ferrreira De Oliveira, Giovanna Gajo, Dejane Santos Alves, Stuart Reitz, Yulin Gao, Zhongren Lei, Christopher Fettig, Donald Grosman, A. Steven Munson, Nabil El-Wakeil, Nawal Gaafar, Ahmed Ahmed Sallam, Christa Volkmar, Elias Papadopoulos, Mauro Prato, Giuliana Giribaldi, Manuela Polimeni, Žiga Laznik, Stanislav Trdan, Shehata E. M. Shalaby, Gehan Abdou, Andreia Almeida, Francisco Amaral Villela, João Carlos Nunes, Geri Eduardo Meneghello, Adilson Jauer, Moacir Rossi Forim, Bruno Perlatti, Patrícia Luísa Bergo, Maria Fátima Da Silva, João Fernandes, Christian Nansen, Solange Maria De França, Mariana Breda, César Badji, José Vargas Oliveira, Gleberson Guillen Piccinin, Alan Augusto Donel, Alessandro Braccini, Gabriel Loli Bazo, Keila Regina Hossa Regina Hossa, Fernanda Brunetta Godinho Brunetta Godinho, Lilian Gomes De Moraes Dan, Maria Lourdes Aldana Madrid, Maria Isabel Silveira, Fabiola-Gabriela Zuno-Floriano, Guillermo Rodríguez-Olibarría, Patrick Kareru, Zachaeus Kipkorir Rotich, Esther Wamaitha Maina, Taema Imo Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. 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Publishing Process Manager Danijela Duric Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published February, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies, Edited by Stanislav Trdan p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0958-7 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Section 1 Non-Target Effects of Insecticides 1 Chapter 1 Side Effects of Insecticides on Natural Enemies and Possibility of Their Integration in Plant Protection Strategies 3 Nabil El-Wakeil, Nawal Gaafar, Ahmed Sallam and Christa Volkmar Chapter 2 Pesticide-Residue Relationship and Its Adverse Effects on Occupational Workers 57 Nabil El-Wakeil, Shehata Shalaby, Gehan Abdou and Ahmed Sallam Chapter 3 Predicting the Effects of Insecticide Mixtures on Non-Target Aquatic Communities 83 Alexa C. Alexander and Joseph M. Culp Chapter 4 Physiological Dysfunction in Fish After Insecticides Exposure 103 Mahdi Banaee Section 2 Integrated Methods for Pest Control 143 Chapter 5 Research on Seasonal Dynamics of 14 Different Insects Pests in Slovenia Using Pheromone Traps 145 Žiga Laznik and Stanislav Trdan Chapter 6 The Use of Behavioral Manipulation Techniques On Synthetic Insecticides Optimization 175 Solange Maria de França, Mariana Oliveira Breda, Cesar A. Badji and José Vargas de Oliveira Chapter 7 The Performance of Insecticides – A Critical Review 195 Christian Nansen and Thomas James Ridsdill-Smith Chapter 8 Insecticide Use and the Ecology of Invasive Liriomyza Leafminer Management 233 Stuart R. Reitz, Yulin Gao and Zhongren Lei Section 3 Non-Chemical Alternatives to Insecticides 255 Chapter 9 Plant–Derived Products for Leaf–Cutting Ants Control 257 Juliana Cristina dos Santos, Ronald Zanetti, Denilson Ferreira de Oliveira, Giovanna Cardoso Gajo and Dejane Santos Alves Chapter 10 Use of Botanicals and Safer Insecticides Designed in Controlling Insects: The African Case 295 Patrick Kareru, Zacchaeus Kipkorir Rotich and Esther Wamaitha Maina Section 4 Insecticides and Human Health 309 Chapter 11 Insecticide Residuality of Mexican Populations Occupationally Exposed 311 María-Lourdes Aldana-Madrid, María-Isabel Silveira-Gramont, Fabiola-Gabriela Zuno-Floriano and Guillermo Rodríguez-Olibarría Chapter 12 DDT as Anti-Malaria Tool: The Bull in the China Shop or the Elephant in the Room? 331 Mauro Prato, Manuela Polimeni and Giuliana Giribaldi Section 5 Insecticides and Environment 363 Chapter 13 Impact of Systemic Insecticides on Organisms and Ecosystems 365 Francisco Sánchez-Bayo, Henk A. Tennekes and Koichi Goka Chapter 14 Thiamethoxam: An Inseticide that Improve Seed Rice Germination at Low Temperature 415 Andréia da Silva Almeida, Francisco Amaral Villela, João Carlos Nunes, Geri Eduardo Meneghello and Adilson Jauer Chapter 15 Spatial and Monthly Behaviour of Selective Organochlorine Pesticides in Subtropical Estuarine Ecosystems 425 T.S. Imo, T. Oomori, M.A. Sheikh, T. Miyagi and F. Tamaki ContentsVI Section 6 Insecticides Against Pests of Urban Area, Forests and Farm Animals 443 Chapter 16 Bait Evaluation Methods for Urban Pest Management 445 Bennett W. Jordan, Barbara E. Bayer, Philip G. Koehler and Roberto M. Pereira Chapter 17 Advances in Insecticide Tools and Tactics for Protecting Conifers from Bark Beetle Attack in the Western United States 471 Christopher J. Fettig, Donald M. Grosman and A. Steven Munson Chapter 18 The Use of Deltamethrin on Farm Animals 493 Papadopoulos Elias Section 7 Biotechnology and Other Advances in Pest Control 503 Chapter 19 Use of Biotechnology in the Control of Insects-Prague 505 Gleberson Guillen Piccinin, Alan Augusto Donel, Alessandro de Lucca e Braccini, Lilian Gomes de Morais Dan, Keila Regina Hossa, Gabriel Loli Bazo and Fernanda Brunetta Godinho Chapter 20 Polymeric Nanoparticle-Based Insecticides: A Controlled Release Purpose for Agrochemicals 521 Bruno Perlatti, Patrícia Luísa de Souza Bergo, Maria Fátima das Graças Fernandes da Silva, João Batista Fernandes and Moacir Rossi Forim Contents VII Preface Insecticides are products that help to minimise the damage to plants, animals and human beings by controlling pest insects. From the point of view of protecting cultivated or wild- growing plants, insects are the most important group of pests because theyrepresent the most abundant animal group. Of the approximately 1.2 million known insect species, 5,000 to 10,000 are economically noxious,and their influence on reduced quantity and quality of plants depends on numerous abiotic and biotic factors. The most important biotic factor is the role of humans, who with appropriate control measures for pest insects can achieve the desired result – the reduction of individual abundance under the economic threshold of damage. However,with unsuitable control measures,humans can also demolish the natural balance in agroecosystems,resulting in larger noxiousness of harmful organisms or a de‐ creased production economy. Until the Second World War, only some insecticides were known. Some inorganic substan‐ ces (arsenious, leaden, baric) were used to control biting insects;on smaller scales, plant ex‐ tracts (tobacco, rotenone) were used against sucking insects; and carbolines or mineral oils were usedfor thewinter spraying of fruit trees. Close to and after the Second World War, organic insecticides were chemically synthesised, and this method spread worldwide in the fifties.These synthesised insecticides were chlorinate carbon hydrogen (DDT, lindane, en‐ drine) and organic phosphor esters, which control biting and sucking insects.The develop‐ ment ofcarbamates, synthetic pyretroids, neonicotinoids, octadiazyonids, antifeedants, and inhibitors and regulators of insect development followed.The last two groups along with natural and plant insecticides are an important part of integrated plant protection and other forms of environmentally friendly production of food, ornamental plants or forage feed. Their efficacies, when compared to the groups of insecticidesfirst mentioned,areseveral times smaller but they can offer protection measures (usage of pheromone traps, colored sticky boards, natural enemies, usage of resistant plant varieties, plant hygiene, etc.)when combined with other plants to attain better synergy and consequently reduce the abundance of pest insects. Experts and users of insecticides are aware of the great importance of this group of plant protection products in providing sufficient quantities of food for the fast-growing human population and feed for livestock, which isan important food source for the majority of the human population.Still, many negative examples of improper usage of insecticides from the past and present warn us about the great attention necessary when using insecticides. The application of insecticides, especially the improper application, can cause many negative outcomes. The number of selective insecticide products is relatively small; thus, many insec‐ ticides demonstrate a non-targeted influence on other insect species includingbeneficialspe‐ cies. A smaller number of natural enemies can also influence the larger abundance and noxiousness of other species of insects, which before the usage of nonselective insecticides did not have any important economical meaning in agroecosystems.The second difficulty when unsuitable usage of insecticide occursis the phenomenon of resistance and the fact that,until now, more than 500 species of insects and mites were documented. Althoughthe price of insecticides is quite low when compared to natural enemies, the cost of insecticides increases due to the appearance of secondary pests, the appearance of resistance, govern‐ ment measures and the legal procedures obliged to healthy and integrated food and envi‐ ronment influence. In this book, experts from different continents present the advantages and problems when applying insecticides and the possibilities for using other measures. The aim of this book is to educateresearchers, scientists, students and end users (farmers, hobby producers)about insecticides and their usage. This book is dedicated to my family, my wife Milena, daughtersŠpela, Neža and Urška, and sons, Gašper, Miha and Peter, who assisted me in many ways. I extend to them my love and appreciation. Stanislav Trdan Head of the Chair of Phytomedicine, Agricultural Engineering, Crop Production, Pasture and Grassland Management Dept. of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia PrefaceX [...]... et al 2007) Mandour (2009) studied toxicity of spinosad to immature stages of C carnea and its effect on the reproduction and survival of adult stages after direct spray and ingestion treatments Spinosad was harmless to C carnea eggs and pupae irrespective of concentrations or method of treatments Mandour (2009) stated that oral 17 18 Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies. .. of five insecticides, Profect (w.p.), CAPL- 2 ( mineral oil), Lambda-cyhalothrin, Spinosad, and Fenitrothion (Sumithon) 5 6 Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies were studied on the immature stages of Trichogramma evanescens (West.) Longevity of the emerged parasitoid was affected by the tested insecticides Eggs treatment with chemical insecticides caused death of the emerged... septempunctata & Oenopia conglobata, in order of population den‐ sity observed (Pasqualini 1980; Brown 1989) The influence of 7 pesticides (6 insecticides & 1 acaricide) on different stages (adults, larvae, eggs) of C septempunctata and adults of A bipunctata was evaluated under laboratory condi‐ 13 14 Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies tions by Olszak et al (2004) It... released populations of T grandis Adult females of T grandis usually produce the majority of offspring in the first few days after emergence Proportion of male offspring produced by T grandis in the early life span of the parasitoid is higher in the treatments than control that will result in a higher proportion of males in the insecticides treatments (Fig 1) Figure 1 Proportion of male offspring produced... predators of Green leafhopper (Sahu et al 19 20 Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies 1996; Mathirajan, 2001) Moreover P pseudoannulata is the vital predator against brown plant hopper and can also effectively regulate the pest population of Leafhoppers Plant hoppers, Whorl maggot flies, leaf folders, Case worms and Stem borers (Kenmore et al 1984; Barrion & Litsinger, 1984;... treated and untreated individuals was statistically not 9 10 Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies significant Females of the braconid, derived from larvae developed in neem-treated larvae of P xylostella, showed no reduced fecundity or activity as compared with controls Fresh extracts showed no repellent effect The influence of aza on Diadegma terebrans, parasitoid of Ostrinia... fraction of NSK had adverse effect on larval parasitoid, Apanteles ruficrus of Oriental armyworm, M sepa‐ rata Injection of 2.5 to 10µg of azadirachtin to newly ecdysed fourth and fifth instar lar‐ vae of host either partially inhibited or totally suppressed the first larval ecdysis of braconid, Cotesia congregata an internal larval parasitoid of tobacco hornworm, Manduca 11 12 Insecticides - Development of. .. and other lepidopteran insects (Takada et al 2000, 2001) Who tested toxicity of six insecticides, acephate, methomyl, ethofenprox, cartap, chlorfluazuron, and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) on different developmental stages of Trichog‐ ramma dendrolimi (Matsumura) Ethofenprox showed the highest toxicity and cartap showed relatively higher toxicity compared with the other insecticides The development of. .. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited 4 Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies apparent when pesticides applied to control one pest cause an outbreak of other pests because of the chemical destruction of important natural enemies There is great potential for increasing... from the hosts The duration of the larval instars in the hosts was prolonged and pupae weight and adults from treated groups was reduced Schmutterer (1992, 1995, 2002) studied the side-effects of 10 ppm and 20 ppm of an azacontaining and an aza-free fraction of an aqueous NSKE, of AZT-VR-K and MTB/H,O-K-NR on Cotesia glomerata, a gregarious endoparasitoid of the larvae of the large cabbage white, Pieris . INSECTICIDES - DEVELOPMENT OF SAFER AND MORE EFFECTIVE TECHNOLOGIES Edited by Stanislav Trdan Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3356 Edited. parasiti‐ zation of eggs of Helicoverpa zea in a melon field in Nicaragua. Mass-reared T. pretiosum were Insecticides - Development of Safer and More Effective Technologies8 released