XA HOI THONG TIN \17SK] ffi](2)S ®(§)(2 MGO^M ^ ©^S &% aS a<|Q G0(§)« ^BGO GO^S ^Qua khao sat doi tifcfng hpc sinh - sinh vien) ^^^hdng bd hep trong pham vi tim Ji^^ hieu van chUdng, viec dpc sach ' ^^^va thdi quen ham dpe sach se giup ehiing ta trang bj them eho minh nhieu kie'n thirc sau rdng, sU hieu biet cudc sd'ng vdi nhiTng gia trj nhan van cao quy Trong thdi gian qua, nhieu cud'n sach da gay dupe sU ehu y cuia ddc gia: Mai mai tuoi hai muai (Nguyin Van Thac), Nhat ky Dang Thuy Tram, Bdng de (Do Hoang Dieu), Canh ddng bat tan (Nguyin Ngpc Tu), Yeu va sd'ng (Le Van), Rdng Na Uy (Haruki Murakami), Mat ma Da Vinci (Dan Brown) Tuy nhien, hien nay sd ngudi dpc dang giam rat nhieu bdi sUxam lan ciia cac phUdng tien nghe nhin nhu tivi, game, cac ehUdng trinh ca nhac Van hoa dpe rd rang khdng edn giiT dugc vj tri "ddc tdn". Chiing ta nhin nhan va danh gia van de nay nhU the nao? Dau la nguyen nhan, va giai phap nao la thich hpp cho van hoa dpe hien nay? 1. Van hoa doc la gi? ThUc trang hien nay? Thue te, khdng ai phii nhan nhirng Ipi fch tfch cue eiia eac phUdng tien truyen thdng da phuong tien dem lai: sU nhanh nhay, thdng tin nhieu chieu he't siTc phong phu va hap dan. Khdng ddn thuIn la dpe tren giay, ngay nay ngUdi ta cd the tranh thu dpc qua tivi, qua phim chuyen the tu tac pham van hpc, qua chdi game VU THj THU HA Vien Van hoc td'c dp eao va dae biet la dpe qua Internet Tuy nhien van de la ehiing ta dpe gl, dpc nhu the nao dang la dieu dang ban va quan tam eiia dU luan. Vay van hoa dpc la gl? Theo nha ngdn ngiT hpe Pham Van Tinh: "Van hda dpe ehinh la thai dp, la each irng xuf eiia ehung ta ddi vdi tri thife sach vd. Phai biet dpc sao cho hdp ly va bd fch. Dpc sao cho hpp vdi quy luat tie'p nhan tri thife". Van hda dpc phii hpp vdi lira tudi, sd thi'ch, chuyen mdn nghe nghiep. Chi dn tim hieu xem ban dpe dang dpe gl va quan tam tdi nhiTng van de gl, ngudi ta ed the danh gia dugc gu tham my cung nhu ve dep tam hdn ciia ngudi dd. Dieu nay khdng qua xa vdi, vl hien nay viee dpc sach dang trd nen "hdn tap" bdi cd qua nhieu van de khdng dupc chpn Ipe, manh ai ngudi dd dpe, dpe gl tuy thfeh, va dpe sach theo trao lUu, theo "tam ly dam ddng" Tre em la lUa tudi ham dpe, td md, ham hieu bie't va ITnh hdi "hpe theo" mdt each nhanh nhat. Tuy nhien nhu'ng trd chdi dien tuf, nghe nhac, da cud'n tre nhd theo mdt xu hudng khac. Tre chdi game "cao td'c" nhieu hdn la lam viee nha, tre dpe truyen tranh nhieu hdn la dpc nhifng truyen cd tfch, nhifng tac pham van hpc hay Thufc te da ehifng minh, rat nhieu nhiTng cud'n truyen tranh tU Han Qud'e, Trung Qud'e, Nhat Ban tran ngap tren 84 thj trudng sach, hinh anh sinh ddng, siT dung ngdn tU it; Nhieu loai truyen "sac" miii bao lufc, danh nhau va ehem giet, ed truyen ma li ki trinh tham keo dai ea tram tap dupc tre em rat Ua ehudng. 6 thanh phd, viee mua sach di hon. Theo mdt nhdm hpe sinh vao eira hang sach tren dUdng Tay Sdn, Nguyin Van CU (Ha Ndi), tdi thay tre ehii ye'u tim de'n nhtfng quiy truyen tranh, ma ft tim de'n nhiTng cud'n truyen ed tfch, hay nhiTng tae pham van hpe kinh dien. "Cudi tuIn nao tdi cung dUa chau di mua sach, ehii ye'u la truyen tranh. Sach khac nd khdng thfch. LiTa tudi nd dpc sach truyen la may rdi, dd di chdi game, hu hdng" (Phdng van mdt ddc gia nU, 37 tudi). Tdn trpng sd thfeh eua tre em, nhung chiing ta khdng the tha ndi viee dpe sach. Bdi nhtfng cud'n sach dpc khdng cd djnh hudng se ed anh hudng khdng td't tdi suf phat trien euia tre. Thdi gian qua, van de bao lufc, each an ndi, each img xir eiia tre la van de bao ddng, mdt phin tU viec dpe eiia tre anh hudng tU truyen kie'm hiep, kinh dj Tre em d thanh phd ngap tran trong sach bao du dly, trong khi vdi tre em d ndng thdn, viing sau vung xa viee dpe sach trd nen khd khan, bdi sU thie'u thdn, khan hiem sach. "Em di lam sudt ca ngay, ehi budi tdi danh thdi gian hpe bai, hpe xong khoang 9 gid la di ngii ludn, chang ed sach mdi, toan sach cu, dpc mai chan lam" (Nif, 12 tudi - Tuyen Quang). Mdt hpe sinh khac tam suf: "Nha em chang may khi bd me cho tien mua truyen hay sach, em thudng ra quan truyen thue ve dpe thdi. Thfch dpe gi thi thue, chuf lay dau tien mua. Em ghet dpc sach cd nhieu chtT, met lim, va dau diu. Dpe truyen tranh nhanh va di hieu " (Nam, 14 tudi, Phu Thp). Nhu vay ehiing ta thay cd suf chenh lech kha rd net giifa cac viing mien trong viee dpe sach. 6 thanh phd, viec lufa chpn sach dpc '- '^1 ^^"itiHinmina 1 ^^^^^^^^^^^1 Anh minh hoa Anh: H.M phong phu hdn, cdn mien nui thi sach truyen eung it hdn, khan hiem hdn. Van hpe chie'm giif mdt vj tri vd eiing quan trpng trong ddi sd'ng tinh thin. Ngudi xUa coi trpng "van vd song toan" de danh gia tai nang mdt eon ngUdi. Ngay nay eude sd'ng hien dai cd rat nhieu phUdng tien de ban dpe quan tam: Truyen hinh cap, truyen hinh trufc tuyen, internet cdng nghe cao cap nhat tat ea tin tife, van hoa, kinh te- xa hdi, tham ehi viee dpe van hpe tren internet da tao nen mdt khdng khf mdi. Mdt kenh Van hpe mang da hinh thanh kha sdi ddng, ehi dn truy cap Internet, ngUdi ta ed the tim thay vd sd truyen, thd,v.v he thd'ng eac tuyen tap cu va mdi. Chiing ta khdng phii nhan nhtfng gia trj Uu viet eua van hoa dpc trong thdi dai cdng nghe thdng tin, tham chf, chiing ta dn phai tranh thii khai thac, tan dung. Tuy nhien, sach van hpc dd'i vdi mdi ngudi la mdt nhu elu dpc, sd thfch va cd y nghTa rieng de hp nang niu tran trpng. "Ope sach van hpe rat thii vj, liie ranh em dpe, dpc xong lai dt di. Dieu thi'ch nhat la minh cd the cam nhan dUde cai hay eua cau chif, giiT gin lau ben dupc" (Phdng van sau, Ma sd 06). Nhung thUc te, hien nay viee dpc sach van hpc ngay cang it. (Xem bang 1) Ban dpc tim dpc tac pham van hpe mdi va hap dan ed sU chenh lech kha rd. Tap chi THU VIEN VIET NA. 3(19) 85 Gia tri diing Missing Thudng xuyen Thinh thoang Hiem khi Khdng bao gid Tdng System Tong cpng Tan sd 33 67 16 3 119 1 120 Tan suat 27,5 55,8 13,3 2,5 99,2 8 100,0 T/s theo gia tri dung 27,7 56,3 13,4 2,5 100,0 Cpng don 27,7 84,0 97,5 100,0 U mire dp thudng xuyen 33/120 ngudi, chie'm 27,5%, d mufc dp thinh thoang la 67/120, chie'm 55,8%, cdn d mifc dp hiem khi la: 2,5%. Nhu vay, viee tim dpe sach van hpc eiia sinh vien hien nay ehi dUng lai d mifc dp thinh thoang. Dd la dieu rat dang suy nghT. Van hpe trong nudc va van hpe nude ngoai giif d mufc dp tUdng dUdng nhau: Cd 58 ngUdi chpn van hpe trong nude va 56 ngudi chpn van hpc nUdc ngoai. Tuy nhien, mdt dieu dac biet vdi van hpe trong nude chii ye'u la eae tae gia - tae pham quen thudc (Nam Cao, Ngd Tat Td, Xuan Dieu ), mdt sd it ban sinh vien chpn dpe eac tac pham van hpc tre (Do Hoang Dieu, Nguyin Huy Thiep, Nguyin Thu Trang, Vi Thuy Linh, ), do dac thii ve trudng va nganh hpe. Nghien eifu va chuyen ve ly luan phe binh nen da sd cae ban sinh vien tim dpe vdi mue dfeh hpe tap nghien cufu la chii ye'u edn mue dfeh dpe theo sd thfeh va dpc de giai trf thi rat ft. Vdi van hpe nude ngoai, cac ban sinh vien thudng quan tam tdi tac pham van hpc kinh dien ciia the gidi nhU: W. Shakespeare, O . de Balzac, V. Hugo, Lo Tan, Quynh Dao, A. X. Puskin, L. Tdnxtdi, Ve mdt mat nao dd, van hpe the gidi trong thdi ky hien dai ehua gay dugc mdt an tupng gi sau sle dd'i vdi eae ban sinh vien: Qua bieu sd 2, chiing ta Bang 1: Mufc do doc sach van hoc cd the hieu them van de nay: Bieu do , van hoc trong nU6c a van hpc nUdc ngoai o Missing 48,3% 46,7% Lua chpn dpe tac pham van hpc la mdt nhu du cd khi la mdt sd thfch mdt thdi quen rieng. "Van hpe Viet Nam vdi eac tae gia quen thudc sau bao nhieu nam vin dupe ban dpe ddn nhan, cdn van hpe hien nay ehi mang tinh chat giai tri ma thdi". (Phdng van sau, Nl). "Van hpe nude ngoai hay va hap din tU ndi dung de'n hinh thife. Tui minh rat thfeh, edn van hpc ngay nay dpc xong rdi quen ngay, dpc cud'n sau thi quen mat cud'n trudc", (Phdng van sau, N2)(Xem bang 2) Day la nhung eon sd sat vdi thufc te, vl theo quan sat d trUdng, Idp hpc va thu vien thi da so sinh vien chi dpe tieu thuyet, truyen ngln thd la chu ye'u cdn the ky va phe binh ly luan it dUde sinh 86 Tieu thuyet Thd Phe binh ly luan Truyen ngan The ky CO khong CO khong CO khong CO khong CO khong Tong Ban tim doc tac pham mdi va hap din Thudng xuyen Tan sd 27 6 10 23 8 25 23 10 1 32 33 Tan suat 81,8% 18,2% 30,3% 69,7% 24,2% 75,8% 69,7% 30,3% 3,0% 97,0% 100,0% Thinh thoang Tan so 57 10 19 48 14 53 46 21 2 65 67 Tan suat 85,1% 14,9% 28,4% 71,6% 20,9% 79,1% 68,7% 31,3% 3,0% 97,0% 100,0% Hiem khi Tan sd 7 9 3 13 1 15 13 3 2 14 16 Tan suat 43,8% 56,3% 18,8% 81,3% 6,3% 93,8% 81,3% 18,8% 12,5% 87,5% 100,0% Khong bao gid Tan sd 2 1 1 2 3 2 1 3 3 Tan suat 66,7% 33,3% 33,3% 66,7% 100,0% 66,7% 33,3% 100,0% 100,0% Tong Tan sd 94 26 34 86 23 97 85 35 5 115 120 Tan suat 78,3% 21,7% 28,3% 71,7% 19,2% 80,8% 70,8% 29,2% 4,2% 95,8% 100,0% Bang 2 vien quan tam. Cung bdi sinh vien dpc sach van hpc vdi If do ehu ye'u la: Oe nang cao nhan thifc eude sd'ng - tinh cam (chie'm ty le 89,2%), de giai tri thU gian sau nhtfng lue cang thing, hudng con ngUdi tdi chan - thien - my. Theo dieu tra, viee mua sach van hpe la 88 ngudi, ehiem ty le 73,3% va sd khdng mua la 31 ngudi, ehiem ty le 25.8%. Vay 25,8% ngUdi khdng tim mua vi nhtfng ly do nao? Ly do chii ye'u la mat thdi gian, ngai dpc va "sach dat qua khdng mua dugc". Cdn vdi sinh vien phai xa nha, cudc sd'ng phu thude suf chu dp cua gia dinh, cho nen viec mua thudng xuyen sach van hpe de dpc la rat khd khan. Mat khae, hien nay gia ban sach van hpe cdn kha cao, ehua phii hdp vdi till tien ciia sinh vien. Trong khi dd sach danh cho chuyen nganh rat nhieu nen sinh vien chii yeu mua sach phuc vu eho viee hpe, nganh hpe eua minh la chfnh. Nhieu sinh vien da tra Idi rat thing than "Em cung thfeh dpc nhifng cud'n tieu thuyet hay nhUng ky thufc mdi lln mua sach danh phai nhjn an sang ea thang" (Phdng van sau, nif 2), "Gia nhu nha nudc cd mdt gia ufu dai cho sinh vien khi mua sach van hpc thi bpn em se cam giac thoai mai hdn rat nhieu (Hoai Linh, sinh vien nam thir 2). Nhu vay, do khd khan ve tai ehinh, nen da sd sinh vien ed dupe nhtfng cud'n sach chu ye'u tU thu vien, ban be, Viee mua sach van hpc cd nhieu ly do. Nhieu ngUdi mua sach de suru tim eho til sach them phong phii, mua sach de tim hieu nhiTng tac pham mdi va hap din, cho hpp vdi xu the eiia thdi dai, chua cd nhu elu mua de dpc, de phue vu eho chi'nh nganh hpe eiia minh. "Minh quan tam de'n y nghTa ndi dung eiia tae pham, nhung eung ed liic chi xem ten tae gia la minh da chpn mua dpe rdi". (Phdng van sau, nam). Da sd sinh vien mong mudn khi dpe sach van hpc se tim Tap chi THU VIEN VIET NAM (19) 87 tdi dupe sU ddc dao, sang tao trong ngdn ngif the hien eiia nha van. Khi dugc hdi, cd de'n 87/120 sinh vien lufa chpn tieu ehf ngdn ngif sang tao eua nha van. 82/120 ngudi lufa chpn each xay dung ke't du eua tae pham; 74/120 ngUdi lUa chpn each tao lap trong phong each vie't ciia nha van Nhtfng con sd nay dat ra mdt yeu du dd'i vdi ngudi sang tao van ehUdng: Nha van phai ludn ddi mdi, tim tdi trong each vie't, trong ngdn ngif phai sang tao dpe dao. Nha van khdng the "lan theo" ldi mdn da eu, ma phai "khdi dugc nhifng ngudn ehUa ai khdi va sang tao nhtfng gl ehua ed" (Nam Cao), ed nhu vay, van hpc mdi cd dupe nhifng tae pham ed gia trj va de lai dau an sau sic trong Idng ddc gia va bat tuf vdi thdi gian. Chiing ta hieu vl sao ma hang chuc nam qua, ban dpe vin nhic tdi nhifng nha van dly ten tudi, nhu Hugo, Balzac, L. Tdnxtdi, M. Sdldkhdp, la bdi cae nha van nay da tao dupc nhifng tac pham in dau an sau dam trong Idng ban dpc. Ngudi dpc chfnh la ngudi thudng thifc va quye't dinh suf tdn tai eiia tae pham, gdp phin sang tao de tae pham hap din, hoan ehinh hdn. Theo sd lieu dieu tra, cd den 90/120 y kie'n ddng y rang, van hpe dn thue sU ddi mdi ve each viet, ve van phong, ve each trinh bay in an, ehi ed 12/120 ngudi khdng ddng y va 18/120 khdng ed y kie'n gl. Theo dieu tra xa hdi hpe thi viee dpe sach van hpe giiip sinh vien: Nang cao van hoa dpc (97/120 ngUdi); Giup con ngudi nhan thirc gia trj tham my va nhan van cao ea. Mat khac nd cdn giup phat trien tu duy, "thanh Ipe tam hdn". 2. Nguyen nhan dan de'n tinh hinh van hoa doc hien tai Thuc trang van hoa dpe hien nay ed nhiTng van de dang lo ngai, nhat la vdi gidi tre, hpe sinh, sinh vien Vay dau la nguyen nhan din de'n thue trang lo ngai trong van hoa dpe hien nay? Su phat trien ciia phUdng tien truyen thdng: ti vi, Internet, djch vu dien thoai lam giam viec dpc sach, tim hieu thdng tin qua sach bao. Gia dinh, nha't la eha me ehUa quan tam, ehUa chpn lUa dugc nhiTng sach hay eho tre, ehUa tao dung dugc mdt thdi quen dpe nghiem tue. O nha trudng, phin Idn thIy cd giao day nhifng tae pham trong chUdng trinh, ehua ed djnh hudng rd eho tre. Cdn tha ndi viee dpe, ehua xay dung dUde phong trao dpe trong mdi trudng sU pham. Rat nhieu ly do thIy ed dUa ra: do thdi gian len Idp ft, day bai trong ehUdng trinh he't gid nen khdng edn thdi gian quan tam xem hpc sinh can dpc gl Nguyen nhan niTa la eae tae gia, nha van vie't cho thie'u nhi ngay cang ft. Mang sang tae danh eho tre em khdng edn vj tri thfeh dang. Cae tac gia khdng khai thac dupe de tai hap din. Ne'u trUde day, eae tae pham De men phieu luu ky (Td Hoai) thd TrIn Dang Khoa, Tim me. La cd theu sau chd vang (Nguyin Huy Tudng), Cai Tet eCta meo eon (Nguyin Dinh Thi) rat hap dan ban nhd thi ngay nay, eae tac pham truyen tranh nude ngoai ehiem ITnh thj trudng va ca thj hie'u eiia ban dpc nhd tudi. Sach dpe Viet Nam khdng the thing the va hap din. Cd chang la Kfnh Van hoa (Nhat Anh) rd len mdt thdi gian rdi yen lang, rdi bao Hoa hpe trd, bao Thieu nien eung ehua hoan toan chie'm giu tron ven tam hdn gidi tre. Nguyen nhan eudi eung dd la tU eae nha xuat ban. Trong ed ehe thj trudng hien nay, nha xuat ban tu hach toan kinh doanh, khdng it "nha" chay theo thj hie'u. Hp xuat ban sach eho phu hpp vdi thj hie'u gidi tre: di lam, di ban, di thu hdi vd'n, di kie'm Ipi nhuan, ma khdng quan tam tdi ndi dung, su anh hudng td't - xau tdi gidi tre. m 3. Giai phap nao cho van hoa dpc hien nay? Theo PGS. TS. Pham Van Tinh (Vien Ngdn nguf hpe): "Cin mdt giai phap mang tim vT md tU phia Nha nude, dn ke't hpp nhieu chieu, ddng bd giifa eae dp cac nganh". TrUdc he't can tim hieu xem hpe sinh - sinh vien dn gl trong sach. Tie'p theo dn cd mdt sU hudng din dpc dung dan tU gia dinh, sU quan tam, theo ddi, thai dp eiia bd me. Phfa nha trudng thIy ed dn chia se va hudng hpe sinh vao each dpc lanh manh, da dang va phong phii. Ve phia tac gia? Rat dn nhtfng sU sang tao diu tu va dot pha trong sang tae ve ea ndi dung va hinh thufc. Cin cd tae gia tam huyet khi sang tao, nhat la vdi tae pham van ehUdng thu hiit ddc gia. Cac Cd sd quan ly trang thdng tin mang, bang dTa hinh, sach bao can thd'ng nhlt trong phUdng thife quan ly: Bd Giao due & Dao tao, Bd Van hoa. The thao va Du Ijch nen cd suf ke't hpp quan ly va ehi dao de ed nhtfng trang sach, trang tin hap dan nhan van va chan thufc. Giai phap cudi cimg kha quan trpng dd la phfa nha xuat ban. Dpi ngu bien tap vien d cae nha xuat ban hien nay, dae biet la dpi ngu bien tap vien sach thie'u nhi, nhifng "con mit xanh" danh gia dupc nhifng tac pham van hpe hay dn dugc quan triet sau sac ve vai trd eua mpi ifchonj va duyet sach. Cin tap trung xuat ban eac sach thude tii sach truyen thd'ng, sach van hpe va ea truyen tranh (truyen tranh hay, bd leh ed tfnh giao due eao). Can cd khau marketing hdp ly, td chifc gidi thieu va quang ba sach nhu ngay hdi sach, thi ke chuyen, thi sang tae de cd vu eho phong trao dpc sach. Cd nhu vay mdi tao nen mdt khdng khi van hoa dpe lanh manh va bd fch cho mpi dd'i tupng. Cho dii xa hdi phat trien de'n dau thi viee dpc sach vin dupe dac biet coi trpng, dd la nhu eau tinh thin eIn thie't. Vdi cac ban sinh vien (va ban dpe ndi ehung), viec dpc sach da trd thanh nhu clu, bdn phan va trach nhiem, giiip ehung ta ed each nhin eude sd'ng toan dien hdn, nhan van hdn. Mat khac, dpe sach cdn la viec tuf khing djnh minh, phat trien tu duy, trau ddi them vdn sd'ng, ndi nhu Gorki: "Van chUdng se lam cudc sd'ng cae ban bdt khd khan. Nd se than ai vdi cac ban, giup eae ban hieu dupc y nghTa, tinh cam va phifc tap ciia eude sd'ng vdi tat ea suf phufe tap va sdi ndi. Nd se day eho ban bie't each kfnh trpng eon ngUdi, tdn trpng ehinh ban than minh. Nd se dem de'n eho cac ban tinh yeu thUdng the gidi, yeu thUdng con ngudi, chap canh eho tri tue va trai tim cae ban". Vdi tac dung cao dep dd, ngay nay van hoa dpe cd nhieu tfn hieu dang mUng khac hin vdi sU lo ngai cua nhieu ngudi, eho ring "van hoa dpc eiia nude ta dang bj khiing hoang". Cae cud'n Nhat ky Dang Thuy Tram, Le Van - Yeu va Sd'ng, Mai mai tudi hai mUdi, da dUde ddng dao ban dpe ddn nhan. Ne'u nhu lam mdt phep so sanh tUdng dd'i thi van hoa dpe cd bj lep ve ddi chiit so vdi van hoa nghe nhin - vl van hoa nghe nhin linh ddng va hap din hdn - nhUng d mdt phUdng dien nao dd, van hoa dpc la vTnh eifu, trudng tdn vdi thdi gian, nd la sU ke't ndi vdi truyen thd'ng va hien dai, giai tri va tham mT, nhan thife va giao due dd'i vdi the he tre ndi ehung va sinh vien ndi rieng. Ve phfa cac nha van, nha xuat ban, dn cd djnh hudng dimg din trong sang tao van hpe, in an, phat hanh, tao lap mdt van hoa dpc lanh manh va hifu fch hdn. Nhu vay, rat dn suf giup.dd, phdi hdp tU nhieu dp nganh, nhat la trong ed ehe kinh te thj trudng de ed phUdng hudng xult ban sach mdt each ddng bd, chpn Ipe gdp phin cd xuy va gin giif suf nghiep van hoa doe d Viet Nam. Tap chf THU VIEN VIET NAM 3(19| 89 . nhan, va giai phap nao la thich hpp cho van hoa dpe hien nay? 1. Van hoa doc la gi? ThUc trang hien nay? Thue te, khdng ai phii nhan nhirng Ipi fch. "Em di lam sudt ca ngay, ehi budi tdi danh thdi gian hpe bai, hpe xong khoang 9 gid la di ngii ludn, chang ed sach mdi, toan sach cu, dpc mai chan