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The
GALE
ENCYCLOPEDIA
of
Science
THIRD EDITION
tphtp_v2 10/13/03 10:45 AM Page 1
TLFeBOOK
tphtp_v2 10/13/03 10:45 AM Page 2
TLFeBOOK
The
GALE
ENCYCLOPEDIA
of
Science
THIRD EDITION
K. Lee Lerner and
Brenda Wilmoth Lerner,
Editors
VOLUME 2
Charge-coupled device - Eye
tphtp_v2 10/13/03 10:45 AM Page 3
TLFeBOOK
Gale Encyclopedia of Science, Third Edition
K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, Editors
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Gale encyclopedia of science / K. Lee Lerner & Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, editors.— 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 0-7876-7554-7 (set) — ISBN 0-7876-7555-5 (v. 1) — ISBN
0-7876-7556-3 (v. 2) — ISBN 0-7876-7557-1 (v. 3) — ISBN 0-7876-7558-X
(v. 4) — ISBN 0-7876-7559-8 (v. 5) — ISBN 0-7876-7560-1 (v. 6)
1. Science—Encyclopedias. I. Lerner, K. Lee. II. Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth.
Q121.G37 2004
503—dc22 2003015731
Disclaimer:
Some images contained in the original version of this book are not available for inclusion
in the eBook.
TLFeBOOK
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3
v
CONTENTS
Topic List vii
Organization of the Encyclopedia xxvii
Advisory Board xxix
Contributors xxxi
Entries
Volume 1 (Aardvark–Chaos) 1–818
Volume 2 (Charge-coupled device–Eye) 819–1572
Volume 3 (Factor–Kuru) 1573–2254
Volume 4 (Lacewings–Pharmacogenetics) 2255–3036
Volume 5 (Pheasants–Star) 3037–3800
Volume 6 (Star cluster–Zooplankton) 3801–4378
General Index 4379–4495
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TLFeBOOK
A
Aardvark
Abacus
Abrasives
Abscess
Absolute zero
Abyssal plain
Acceleration
Accelerators
Accretion disk
Accuracy
Acetic acid
Acetone
Acetylcholine
Acetylsalicylic acid
Acid rain
Acids and bases
Acne
Acorn worm
Acoustics
Actinides
Action potential
Activated complex
Active galactic nuclei
Acupressure
Acupuncture
ADA (adenosine deaminase)
deficiency
Adaptation
Addiction
Addison’s disease
Addition
Adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate
Adhesive
Alluvial systems
Alpha particle
Alternative energy sources
Alternative medicine
Altruism
Aluminum
Aluminum hydroxide
Alzheimer disease
Amaranth family (Amaranthaceae)
Amaryllis family (Amaryllidaceae)
American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
Ames test
Amicable numbers
Amides
Amino acid
Ammonia
Ammonification
Amnesia
Amniocentesis
Amoeba
Amphetamines
Amphibians
Amplifier
Amputation
Anabolism
Anaerobic
Analemma
Analgesia
Analog signals and digital signals
Analytic geometry
Anaphylaxis
Anatomy
Anatomy, comparative
Anchovy
Anemia
Adrenals
Aerobic
Aerodynamics
Aerosols
Africa
Age of the universe
Agent Orange
Aging and death
Agouti
Agricultural machines
Agrochemicals
Agronomy
AIDS
AIDS therapies and vaccines
Air masses and fronts
Air pollution
Aircraft
Airship
Albatrosses
Albedo
Albinism
Alchemy
Alcohol
Alcoholism
Aldehydes
Algae
Algebra
Algorithm
Alkali metals
Alkaline earth metals
Alkaloid
Alkyl group
Alleles
Allergy
Allotrope
Alloy
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3
vii
TOPIC LIST
TLFeBOOK
Anesthesia
Aneurism
Angelfish
Angiography
Angiosperm
Angle
Anglerfish
Animal
Animal breeding
Animal cancer tests
Anion
Anode
Anoles
Ant-pipits
Antarctica
Antbirds and gnat-eaters
Anteaters
Antelopes and gazelles
Antenna
Anthrax
Anthropocentrism
Anti-inflammatory agents
Antibiotics
Antibody and antigen
Anticoagulants
Anticonvulsants
Antidepressant drugs
Antihelmintics
Antihistamines
Antimatter
Antimetabolites
Antioxidants
Antiparticle
Antipsychotic drugs
Antisepsis
Antlions
Ants
Anxiety
Apes
Apgar score
Aphasia
Aphids
Approximation
Apraxia
Aqueduct
Aquifer
Arachnids
Arapaima
Atmospheric temperature
Atomic clock
Atomic models
Atomic number
Atomic spectroscopy
Atomic theory
Atomic weight
Atoms
Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD)
Auks
Australia
Autism
Autoimmune disorders
Automatic pilot
Automation
Automobile
Autotroph
Avogadro’s number
Aye-ayes
B
Babblers
Baboons
Bacteria
Bacteriophage
Badgers
Ball bearing
Ballistic missiles
Ballistics
Balloon
Banana
Bandicoots
Bar code
Barberry
Barbets
Barbiturates
Bariatrics
Barium
Barium sulfate
Bark
Barley
Barnacles
Barometer
Barracuda
Arc
ARC LAMP
Archaebacteria
Archaeoastronomy
Archaeogenetics
Archaeology
Archaeometallurgy
Archaeometry
Archeological mapping
Archeological sites
Arithmetic
Armadillos
Arrow worms
Arrowgrass
Arrowroot
Arteries
Arteriosclerosis
Arthritis
Arthropods
Arthroscopic surgery
Artifacts and artifact classification
Artificial fibers
Artificial heart and heart valve
Artificial intelligence
Artificial vision
Arum family (Araceae)
Asbestos
Asexual reproduction
Asia
Assembly line
Asses
Associative property
Asteroid 2002AA29
Asthenosphere
Asthma
Astrobiology
Astroblemes
Astrolabe
Astrometry
Astronomical unit
Astronomy
Astrophysics
Atmosphere, composition and
structure
Atmosphere observation
Atmospheric circulation
Atmospheric optical phenomena
Atmospheric pressure
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3
viii
Topic List
TLFeBOOK
Barrier islands
Basin
Bass
Basswood
Bathysphere
Bats
Battery
Beach nourishment
Beardworms
Bears
Beavers
Bedrock
Bee-eaters
Beech family (Fagaceae)
Bees
Beet
Beetles
Begonia
Behavior
Bennettites
Benzene
Benzoic acid
Bernoulli’s principle
Beta-blockers
Big bang theory
Binary star
Binocular
Binomial theorem
Bioaccumulation
Bioassay
Biochemical oxygen demand
Biochemistry
Biodegradable substances
Biodiversity
Bioenergy
Biofeedback
Biofilms
Bioinformatics and computational
biology
Biological community
Biological rhythms
Biological warfare
Biology
Bioluminescence
Biomagnification
Biomass
Biome
Biophysics
Bridges
Bristletails
Brittle star
Bromeliad family (Bromeliaceae)
Bronchitis
Brown dwarf
Brownian motion
Brucellosis
Bryophyte
Bubonic plague
Buckminsterfullerene
Buckthorn
Buckwheat
Buds and budding
Buffer
Building design/architecture
Bulbuls
Bunsen burner
Buoyancy, principle of
Buret
Burn
Bustards
Buttercup
Butterflies
Butterfly fish
Butyl group
Butylated hydroxyanisole
Butylated hydroxytoluene
Buzzards
C
Cactus
CAD/CAM/CIM
Caddisflies
Caecilians
Caffeine
Caisson
Calcium
Calcium carbonate
Calcium oxide
Calcium propionate
Calcium sulfate
Calculator
Calculus
Calendars
Bioremediation
Biosphere
Biosphere Project
Biotechnology
Bioterrorism
Birch family (Betulaceae)
Birds
Birds of paradise
Birds of prey
Birth
Birth defects
Bison
Bitterns
Bivalves
BL Lacertae object
Black hole
Blackbirds
Blackbody radiation
Bleach
Blennies
Blindness and visual impairments
Blindsnakes
Blood
Blood gas analysis
Blood supply
Blotting analysis
Blue revolution (aquaculture)
Bluebirds
Boarfish
Boas
Bohr Model
Boiling point
Bond energy
Bony fish
Boobies and gannets
Boolean algebra
Boric acid
Botany
Botulism
Bowen’s reaction series
Bowerbirds
Bowfin
Boxfish
Brachiopods
Brackish
Brain
Brewing
Brick
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3
ix
Topic List
TLFeBOOK
Calibration
Caliper
Calorie
Calorimetry
Camels
Canal
Cancel
Cancer
Canines
Cantilever
Capacitance
Capacitor
Capillaries
Capillary action
Caprimulgids
Captive breeding and
reintroduction
Capuchins
Capybaras
Carbohydrate
Carbon
Carbon cycle
Carbon dioxide
Carbon monoxide
Carbon tetrachloride
Carbonyl group
Carboxyl group
Carboxylic acids
Carcinogen
Cardiac cycle
Cardinal number
Cardinals and grosbeaks
Caribou
Carnivore
Carnivorous plants
Carp
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Carrier (genetics)
Carrot family (Apiaceae)
Carrying capacity
Cartesian coordinate plane
Cartilaginous fish
Cartography
Cashew family (Anacardiaceae)
Cassini Spacecraft
Catabolism
Catalyst and catalysis
Catastrophism
Chinchilla
Chipmunks
Chitons
Chlordane
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Chlorination
Chlorine
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Chloroform
Chlorophyll
Chloroplast
Cholera
Cholesterol
Chordates
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Chromatin
Chromatography
Chromosomal abnormalities
Chromosome
Chromosome mapping
Cicadas
Cigarette smoke
Circle
Circulatory system
Circumscribed and inscribed
Cirrhosis
Citric acid
Citrus trees
Civets
Climax (ecological)
Clingfish
Clone and cloning
Closed curves
Closure property
Clouds
Club mosses
Coal
Coast and beach
Coatis
Coca
Cocaine
Cockatoos
Cockroaches
Codeine
Codfishes
Codons
Coefficient
Coelacanth
Catfish
Catheters
Cathode
Cathode ray tube
Cation
Cats
Cattails
Cattle family (Bovidae)
Cauterization
Cave
Cave fish
Celestial coordinates
Celestial mechanics
Celestial sphere: The apparent
motions of the Sun, Moon,
planets, and stars
Cell
Cell death
Cell division
Cell, electrochemical
Cell membrane transport
Cell staining
Cellular respiration
Cellular telephone
Cellulose
Centipedes
Centrifuge
Ceramics
Cerenkov effect
Cetaceans
Chachalacas
Chameleons
Chaos
Charge-coupled device
Chelate
Chemical bond
Chemical evolution
Chemical oxygen demand
Chemical reactions
Chemical warfare
Chemistry
Chemoreception
Chestnut
Chi-square test
Chickenpox
Childhood diseases
Chimaeras
Chimpanzees
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3
x
Topic List
TLFeBOOK
[...]... Zooplankton xxv GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 TLFeBOOK This page intentionally left blank TLFeBOOK ORGANIZATION OF THE ENCYCLOPEDIA The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, Third Edition has been designed with ease of use and ready reference in mind • Entries are alphabetically arranged across six volumes, in a single sequence, rather than by scientific field • Length of entries varies from short definitions of one... Jones School of Medicine Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois Darrel B Hoff Department of Physics Luther College Calmar, Iowa Harold M Kaplan Professor School of Medicine Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Illinois Dennis Holley Science Educator Shelton, Nebraska Anthony Kelly Science Writer Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 TLFeBOOK Judson Knight Science Writer... Professor of Geology & Geophysics University of Sofia Bulgaria Carol Wishmeyer Science and Technology Department Detroit Public Library Detroit, Michigan xxx GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 TLFeBOOK CONTRIBUTORS Nasrine Adibe Professor Emeritus Department of Education Long Island University Westbury, New York Mary D Albanese Department of English University of Alaska Juneau, Alaska Margaret Alic Science. .. sites) GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 • The author’s name appears at the end of longer entries His or her affiliation can be found in the “Contributors” section at the front of each volume • “See also” references appear at the end of entries to point readers to related entries • Cross references placed throughout the encyclopedia direct readers to where information on subjects without their own entries... Alexander I Ioffe, Ph.D Senior Scientist Geological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow, Russia Jennifer L McGrath Northwood High School Nappannee, Indiana David T King Jr., Ph.D Professor Department of Geology Auburn University Auburn, Alabama Danila Morano, M.D Department of Embryology, Obstetrics, and Gynecology University of Bologna Bologna, Italy Theodore Snow Professor, Department of Astrophysical... tables, and persons mentioned in the book AVAILABLE IN ELECTRONIC FORMATS Licensing The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, Third Edition is available for licensing The complete database is provided in a fielded format and is deliverable on such media as disk or CD-ROM For more information, contact Gale s Business Development Group at 1-800-87 7GALE, or visit our website at www .gale. com/bizdev xxvii TLFeBOOK... ADVISORY BOARD A number of experts in the scientific and libary communities provided invaluable assistance in the formulation of this encyclopedia Our advisory board performed a myriad of duties, from defining the scope of coverage to reviewing individual entries for accuracy and accessibility, and in many cases, writing entries We would therefore like to express our appreciation to them: ACADEMIC ADVISORS... Writer Warren, New Jersey Mary Eubanks Instructor of Biology The North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics Durham, North Carolina Kathryn M C Evans Science Writer Madison, Wisconsin William G Fastie Department of Astronomy and Physics Bloomberg Center Baltimore, Maryland Barbara Finkelstein Science Writer Riverdale, New York Mary Finley Supervisor of Science Curriculum (retired) Pittsburgh Secondary... Associate Professor Department of Geography and Geology Middle Tennessee State University Murfreesboro, Tennessee Clinton W Hatchett Director Science and Space Theater Pensacola Junior College Pensacola, Florida Catherine Hinga Haustein Associate Professor Department of Chemistry Central College Pella, Iowa Dean Allen Haycock Science Writer Salem, New York Paul A Heckert Professor Department of Chemistry... State University Murfreesboro, Tennesses Neil Cumberlidge Professor Department of Biology Lyal Harris, Ph.D Tectonics Special Research Centre Department of Geology & Geophysics xxix GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3 TLFeBOOK Advisory Board The University of Western Australia Perth, Australia Edward J Hollox, Ph.D Queen’s Medical Centre University of Nottingham Nottingham, England Brian D Hoyle, Ph.D (Microbiology) . version of this book are not available for inclusion
in the eBook.
TLFeBOOK
GALE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE 3
v
CONTENTS
Topic List vii
Organization of the Encyclopedia. The
GALE
ENCYCLOPEDIA
of
Science
THIRD EDITION
tphtp_v2 10/13/03 10:45 AM Page 1
TLFeBOOK
tphtp_v2 10/13/03 10:45 AM Page 2
TLFeBOOK
The
GALE
ENCYCLOPEDIA
of
Science
THIRD
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