Handbook of Global International Policy edited by Stuart S Nagel University of Illinois Urbana, Illinois M A R C E L MARCEL DEKKER, INC D E K K E R NEW YORK • BASEL This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005 “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” ISBN 0-203-50254-X Master e-book ISBN ISBN: 0-8247-0346-4 (Print Edition) Headquarters Marcel Dekker, Inc 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540 Eastern Hemisphere Distribution Marcel Dekker AG Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland tel: 41-61-261-8482; fax: 41-61-261-8896 World Wide Web http:/ /www.dekker.com The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities For more information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address above Copyright  2000 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY A Comprehensive Publication Program Executive Editor JACK RABIN Professor of Public Administration and Public Policy School of Public Affairs The Capital College The Pennsylvania State University—Harrisburg Middletown, Pennsylvania Public Administration as a Developing Discipline (in two parts), Robert T Golembiewski Comparative National Policies on Health Care, Milton I Roemer, M.D Exclusionary Injustice: The Problem of Illegally Obtained Evidence, Steven R Schlesinger Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process, Jay M Shafritz, Walter L Balk, Albert C Hyde, and David H Rosenbloom Organization Development in Public Administration (in two parts), edited by Robert T Golembiewski and William B Eddy Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Ferrel Heady Approaches to Planned Change (in two parts), Robert T Golembiewski Program Evaluation at HEW (in three parts), edited by James G Abert The States and the Metropolis, Patricia S Florestano and Vincent L Marando 10 Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Jay M Shafritz, Albert C Hyde, and David H Rosenbloom 11 Changing Bureaucracies: Understanding the Organization Before Selecting the Approach, William A Medina 12 Handbook on Public Budgeting and Financial Management, edited by Jack Rabin and Thomas D Lynch 13 Encyclopedia of Policy Studies, edited by Stuart S Nagel 14 Public Administration and Law: Bench v Bureau in the United States, David H Rosenbloom 15 Handbook on Public Personnel Administration and Labor Relations, edited by Jack Rabin, Thomas Vocino, W Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J Miller 16 Public Budgeting and Finance: Behavioral, Theoretical, and Technical Perspectives, Third Edition, edited by Robert T Golembiewski and Jack Rabin 17 Organizational Behavior and Public Management, Debra W Stewart and G David Garson 18 The Politics of Terrorism: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Michael Stohl 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Handbook of Organization Management, edited by William B Eddy Organization Theory and Management, edited by Thomas D Lynch Labor Relations in the Public Sector, Richard C Kearney Politics and Administration: Woodrow Wilson and American Public Administration, edited by Jack Rabin and James S Bowman Making and Managing Policy: Formulation, Analysis, Evaluation, edited by G Ronald Gilbert Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective, Third Edition, Revised, Ferrel Heady Decision Making in the Public Sector, edited by Lloyd G Nigro Managing Administration, edited by Jack Rabin, Samuel Humes, and Brian S Morgan Public Personnel Update, edited by Michael Cohen and Robert T Golembiewski State and Local Government Administration, edited by Jack Rabin and Don Dodd Public Administration: A Bibliographic Guide to the Literature, Howard E McCurdy Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process, Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, Jay M Shafritz, Albert C Hyde, and David H Rosenbloom Handbook of Information Resource Management, edited by Jack Rabin and Edward M Jackowski Public Administration in Developed Democracies: A Comparative Study, edited by Donald C Rowat The Politics of Terrorism: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Michael Stohl Handbook on Human Services Administration, edited by Jack Rabin and Marcia B Steinhauer Handbook of Public Administration, edited by Jack Rabin, W Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J Miller Ethics for Bureaucrats: An Essay on Law and Values, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, John A Rohr The Guide to the Foundations of Public Administration, Daniel W Martin Handbook of Strategic Management, edited by Jack Rabin, Gerald J Miller, and W Bartley Hildreth Terrorism and Emergency Management: Policy and Administration, William L Waugh, Jr Organizational Behavior and Public Management: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Michael L Vasu, Debra W Stewart, and G David Garson Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration, edited by Ali Farazmand Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective, Fourth Edition, Ferrel Heady Government Financial Management Theory, Gerald J Miller Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process, Fourth Edition, Revised and Expanded, Jay M Shafritz, Norma M Riccucci, David H Rosenbloom, and Albert C Hyde Public Productivity Handbook, edited by Marc Holzer Handbook of Public Budgeting, edited by Jack Rabin Labor Relations in the Public Sector: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Richard C Kearney 48 Handbook of Organizational Consultation, edited by Robert T Golembiewski 49 Handbook of Court Administration and Management, edited by Steven W Hays and Cole Blease Graham, Jr 50 Handbook of Comparative Public Budgeting and Financial Management, edited by Thomas D Lynch and Lawrence L Martin 51 Handbook of Organizational Behavior, edited by Robert T Golembiewski 52 Handbook of Administrative Ethics, edited by Terry L Cooper 53 Encyclopedia of Policy Studies: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Stuart S Nagel 54 Handbook of Regulation and Administrative Law, edited by David H Rosenbloom and Richard D Schwartz 55 Handbook of Bureaucracy, edited by Ali Farazmand 56 Handbook of Public Sector Labor Relations, edited by Jack Rabin, Thomas Vocino, W Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J Miller 57 Practical Public Management, Robert T Golembiewski 58 Handbook of Public Personnel Administration, edited by Jack Rabin, Thomas Vocino, W Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J Miller 59 Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective, Fifth Edition, Ferrel Heady 60 Handbook of Debt Management, edited by Gerald J Miller 61 Public Administration and Law: Second Edition, David H Rosenbloom and Rosemary O’Leary 62 Handbook of Local Government Administration, edited by John J Gargan 63 Handbook of Administrative Communication, edited by James L Garnett and Alexander Kouzmin 64 Public Budgeting and Finance: Fourth Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Robert T Golembiewski and Jack Rabin 65 Handbook of Public Administration: Second Edition, edited by Jack Rabin, W Bartley Hildreth, and Gerald J Miller 66 Handbook of Organization Theory and Management: The Philosophical Approach, edited by Thomas D Lynch and Todd J Dicker 67 Handbook of Public Finance, edited by Fred Thompson and Mark T Green 68 Organizational Behavior and Public Management: Third Edition, Revised and Expanded, Michael L Vasu, Debra W Stewart, and G David Garson 69 Handbook of Economic Development, edited by Kuotsai Tom Liou 70 Handbook of Health Administration and Policy, edited by Anne Osborne Kilpatrick and James A Johnson 71 Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration, edited by Gerald J Miller and Marcia L Whicker 72 Handbook on Taxation, edited by W Bartley Hildreth and James A Richardson 73 Handbook of Comparative Public Administration in the Asia-Pacific Basin, edited by Hoi-kwok Wong and Hon S Chan 74 Handbook of Global Environmental Policy and Administration, edited by Dennis L Soden and Brent S Steel 75 Handbook of State Government Administration, edited by John J Gargan 76 Handbook of Global Legal Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel 77 Handbook of Public Information Systems, edited by G David Garson 78 Handbook of Global Economic Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel 79 Handbook of Strategic Management: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Jack Rabin, Gerald J Miller, and W Bartley Hildreth 80 Handbook of Global International Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel 81 Handbook of Organizational Consultation: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Robert T Golembiewski 82 Handbook of Global Political Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel 83 Handbook of Global Technology Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel 84 Handbook of Criminal Justice Administration, edited by Toni DuPontMorales, Michael K Hooper, and Judy H Schmidt 85 Labor Relations in the Public Sector: Third Edition, edited by Richard C Kearney 86 Handbook of Administrative Ethics: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Terry L Cooper 87 Handbook of Organizational Behavior: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Robert T Golembiewski 88 Handbook of Global Social Policy, edited by Stuart S Nagel and Amy Robb 89 Public Administration: A Comparative Perspective, Sixth Edition, Ferrel Heady 90 Handbook of Public Quality Management, edited by Ronald J Stupak and Peter M Leitner 91 Handbook of Public Management Practice and Reform, edited by Kuotsai Tom Liou 92 Personnel Management in Government: Politics and Process, Fifth Edition, Jay M Shafritz, Norma M Riccucci, David H Rosenbloom, Katherine C Naff, and Albert C Hyde 93 Handbook of Crisis and Emergency Management, edited by Ali Farazmand 94 Handbook of Comparative and Development Public Administration: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Ali Farazmand 95 Financial Planning and Management in Public Organizations, Alan Walter Steiss and ‘Emeka O Cyprian Nwagwu 96 Handbook of International Health Care Systems, edited by Khi V Thai, Edward T Wimberley, and Sharon M McManus 97 Handbook of Monetary Policy, edited by Jack Rabin and Glenn L Stevens 98 Handbook of Fiscal Policy, edited by Jack Rabin and Glenn L Stevens 99 Public Administration: An Interdisciplinary Critical Analysis, edited by Eran Vigoda 100 Ironies in Organizational Development: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Robert T Golembiewski 101 Science and Technology of Terrorism and Counterterrorism, edited by Tushar K Ghosh, Mark A Prelas, Dabir S Viswanath, and Sudarshan K Loyalka 102 Strategic Management for Public and Nonprofit Organizations, Alan Walter Steiss 103 Case Studies in Public Budgeting and Financial Management: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Aman Khan and W Bartley Hildreth Additional Volumes in Preparation Principles and Practices of Public Administration, edited by Jack Rabin, Robert F Munzenrider, and Sherrie M Bartell Handbook of Developmental Policy Studies, edited by Stuart S Nagel Handbook of Conflict Management, edited by William J Pammer, Jr., and Jerri Killian Annals of Public Administration Public Administration: History and Theory in Contemporary Perspective, edited by Joseph A Uveges, Jr Public Administration Education in Transition, edited by Thomas Vocino and Richard Heimovics Centenary Issues of the Pendleton Act of 1883, edited by David H Rosenbloom with the assistance of Mark A Emmert Intergovernmental Relations in the 1980s, edited by Richard H Leach Criminal Justice Administration: Linking Practice and Research, edited by William A Jones, Jr To the people who stimulated my awareness of international policy, including: Harold Guetzkow, Ernst Haas, Charles Lerche, Frank Magruder, Frederick Schuman, and Quincy Wright International Transportation Along the Border 10 481 ial attitude, (3) cost control, (4) appropriate market niche, and (5) transportation service integration The authors recognize that this is a somewhat narrow treatment of the economic factors associated with a project of this type From an economic development point of view, public officials would also need to consider other kinds of costs (e.g., opportunity costs and increased demand for public services) and benefits (e.g., jobs created and increased tax base) Here the focus is on those economic issues directly related to establishing an intermodal facility One example of an existing facility which effectively utilizes a combination of public and private funds is the Philadelphia Regional Port Authority This was an important consideration in the decision to have public funding for the Northern Express Transportation Authority (NETA) in Shelby, Montana A unique funding approach was applied at the Virginia Port Authority (VPA), which was constructed entirely with trust fund monies on a pay-as-you-go basis The use of a dedicated fund for transportation allowed the state to construct an intermodal port facility without incurring debt One model that can be used, albeit on a domestic level alone, is the bi-state funding of the Delaware River Port Authority On an international level, the coordinated financial arrangements of the Detroit/Wayne County Port Authority (DWCPA) and the Windsor Harbour Commission (WHC) provide a useful model For example, the Virginia Port Authority provides free office space to federal inspection agencies from which services are required There are three examples of Combined Border Facilities (CBFs) on the U.S.-Canadian border developed through a Memorandum of Understanding of officials of both nations Facilities exist in: Danville, Washington/Carson, British Columbia; Alburg, Vermont/Noyan, Ontario; and Turner, Montana/Climax, Saskatchewan Additionally, the state of Montana has signed a Joint-Use Occupancy Agreement with Alberta, Canada, which specifies the terms for splitting the costs of a joint inspection and weigh station For example, the Coutts, Alberta inspection and weigh station, which is located entirely within Canada, is staffed by both Canadian and State of Montana officials as a means of reducing the number of stops required of vehicles entering the United States Previously, vehicles had to stop first at the Canadian inspection/weigh station, then at the U.S Customs facility, and finally at the State of Montana weigh station in Sweetgrass The final stop has been eliminated as a result of this cooperative venture REFERENCES Babbie, E 1992 The Practice of Social Research 6th ed Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Breazeale, D and Associates 1992 Report for Sandia National Laboratories and the Santa Teresa Intermodal Border Crossing Steering Committee Rancho la Costa, CA (Available through Sandia National Laboratories Transportation Systems Center.) 482 Rubaii-Barrett and Taggart Carmichael, G 1999 Celebrating intermodal Traffic World, 258(4):9 Edwards, G C III and Sharkansky, I 1978 The Policy Predicament: Making and Implementing Public Policy San Francisco, CA: W H Freeman General Services Administration 1992 U.S Border Station Design Code Washington, D.C.: General Services Administration Harper, D V and Evers, P T 1993 Competitive issues in intermodal railroad-truck service Transportation Journal, 32(3):31–45 International Bridge Act of 1972, as amended in 1987 United States Code, Title 33, sec 535 Lemarquand, D 1993 The International Joint Commission and Changing Canada–United States boundary relations Natural Resources Journal, 33(1):59–91 Lyndon B Johnson School of Public Affairs 1991 Texas-Mexico Transborder Transportation System: Regulatory and Infrastructure Obstacles to Free Trade Austin, TX: The University of Texas at Austin MacRae, D., Jr and Wilde, J.A 1985 Policy Analysis for Public Decisions Lanham, MD: University Press of America Mathews, A.W 1998 On the borderline—NAFTA reality check Wall Street Journal June 3, 1998: A1 Muller, G 1989 Intermodal Freight Transportation 2nd ed Westport, CT: Eno Foundation for Transportation Mumme, S 1993 Innovation and reform in transboundary resource management: A critical look at the International Boundary and Water Commission, United States and Mexico Natural Resources Journal, 33(1):93–120 Rubaii-Barrett, N and Taggart, W.A 1994 Background Work for Creation of an Authority and Federal Zone Las Cruces, NM (Available through Sandia National Laboratories Transportation Systems Center.) Steele, L 1993 With or without NAFTA trucks and rails go full throttle in Mexico Twin Plant News, 42(1):34–38, 60 Taggart, W.A., Rubaii-Barrett, N and Good, C 1992 Funding and Operation of an Intermodal Transportation Facility at the Santa Teresa Border Crossing Las Cruces, NM (Available through Sandia National Laboratories Transportation Systems Center.) Transportation Systems Center 1993 The Santa Teresa–Dona Ana County Intermodal Facility Feasibility Study, Phase I Albuquerque, NM: Sandia National Laboratories University of Texas at Austin Policy Research Project (UTAPRP) 1991 Report Number 98: Texas-Mexico Transborder Transportation System Austin, TX: University of Texas U.S Department of Commerce 1992 NAFTA: The Beginning of a New Era Business America 113 (17): 22–25 U.S Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration 1994 Assessment of Border Crossings and Transportation Corridors for North American Trade, A Report to Congress pursuant to the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991, Sections 1089 and 6015 Washington, DC: Department of Transportation, Pub No FHWA-PL-94-009, 1994 Walter, C.K., Maze, T.H., Maggio, M.E., Smadi, A.G., and Allen, B.J 1993 Public assistance and promotion of local rail projects Policy Studies Journal, 21(2):325–337 Index Abkhazia, 209, 211 ABM (see Anti-Ballistic Missile) AEC (see Atomic Energy Commission) ´ ´ Agrupacion Electoral Ceutı (ARC, Ceuta’s Electoral Group), 72–73 Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion (ANP) project, 417 Albanians, 198 American fair labor standard, 14 foreign exchange rate policy, 400 options, 376 goals in Congo/Zaire, 22 involvement in Zaire, 21 ANC, African National Congress, 95 Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 473 ANP (see Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion project) Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM), 444 Anti-personnel landmines (APL), 154 ANZUS treaty (Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty), 105, 159 APHIS (see Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) APL (see Anti-personnel landmines) Arab-Israeli conflict, 166, 176 Arafat, Yasser, 170–171, 173 ´ ´ ARC (see Agrupacion Electoral Ceutı) Ardzinba, Abkhaz leader Vladislav, 210 ARIC, Rural Association of Collective Interests, 344 Aristide, restore to power in Haiti, 370– 372, 378 Armenian-Azerbaijan conflict, 215 Association agreements, 237 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), 418 Atoms for Peace, 82 Australia’s arms control, 143–144, 159 Azerbaijan, 215 Baltic Council of 1992, 238 Bar-Ilan, David, 165 BBC, 318 BECR (see Black Sea Cooperation Region Project) Beilin-Mazen accord, 169, 180 Bilateral U.S.–Russian cooperation, 439 Bi-National Commission (BNC), U.S.– South African, 96 Biological Weapons Convention (BWC), 152, 161 Black Sea Cooperation Region Project (BECR), 238 483 484 BNC (see Bi-National Commission) Bosnia-Herzegovina, 186–187, 198, 200 Boutros-Ghali, UN Secretary-General Boutros, 211 Brezhnev doctrine, 229, 233 British Labor Party, 303 Bush administration and U.S foreign policy, 85 BWC (see Biological Weapons Convention) CAMAL (see Continuously AirborneAlert Missile Launching) Canberra Commission on the Elimination of Nuclear Weapons, 151, 159 Carter administration and U.S foreign policy toward South Africa, 83 CCSD, Social Democrats, 276 CD, Conference on Disarmament, 145, 162 CDU Christian Democrats, 304 CE (see Council of Europe) Ceausescu, Romanian leader Nicolae, 232 Cedras, 372, 376 CEFTA (see Central European Free Trade Association) CEI (see Central European Initiative) Central European Free Trade Association (CEFTA), 238 Central European Initiative (CEI), 238 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 93 in Zaire, 30 CEU (see Ceuta Unida) Ceuta People’s Socialist Party, PSPC, Partido Socialista del Pueblo de Ceuta, 73 Ceuta Unida, CEU (United Ceuta), 73 Ceuta’s Electoral Group, ARC, Agrupa´ ´ cion Electoral Ceutı, 72–73 Ceuta’s Nationalist Party, PNC, Partido Nacionalista Ceuti, 73 Chemical and biological weapons, 152 Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), 146 Index Christian Democrats (KDU-CSL), 276 CDU, 304 Christian Social Union (CSU), 304 Chuch’e, the watchword of collapsing North Korea, 106 CIA (see Central Intelligence Agency) CIS, Commonwealth of Independent States, 205–207, 221 CITES (see Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species) Civic Democratic Alliance (ODA), 276 Civic Democratic Party (ODS), 276 Civil elites, 253 Civil instruments for politics in Colombia, 359 Civil-military relations, 251 Clinton administration and U.S foreign policy toward South Africa, 94 CNC, National Peasant Confederation, 344 ´ Coalicion Electoral Musulmana (Muslim Electoral Coalition), 73 ´ Coalicion por Melilla (CPM, Coalition for Melilla), 72 Cobalt in Zaire, 29 COCOM (see Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls) Coding scheme for type of state categories, 368 Cold War, 188 America’s view of, 367 in East Asia, 103 nuclear arms control, 440 nuclear arms race, as mutual nuclear deterrence, 441 as strategic balance of terror, 441 in East Asia, 103 Third World countries view of, 367 Colombia militia in the 20th century, 362 wars among civilians, 362 war in the 19th century, 359 century of constitutions, 360 COMECON (see Council for Mutual Economic Assistance) Index Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 205 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), 149, 439, 444 Concept of security, transformation of, 376 Conference on Disarmament (CD), 145, 162 Conference Towards a Global Ban on Anti-Personnel Mines in 1996, 156 Conservative alternatives, 1–2 goals, unilateralism, 390 Continuously Airborne-Alert Missile Launching (CAMAL), 432 Conventional weapons, 153 Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species (CITES), 473 Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (COCOM), 145 Copper in Zaire, 28–29 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 232 Council of Europe (CE), 236 ´ CPM, Coalicion por Melilla (Coalition for Melilla), 72 Creative Britain, 311–312 Croatia, 186–187, 191, 193, 198, 200 CSU (see Christian Social Union) CTBT (see Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty) CTR, Cooperative Threat Reduction, 443 CWC (see Chemical Weapons Convention) DCMS (see Department for Culture, Media, and Sports) DDRE (see Director of Defense Research and Engineering) Declaration of Principles, 166 Defense policy, 253 Defense Science Board (DSB), 421 485 Demilitarized Line (DML), 109 ´ Democratic Center Union, UCD (Union ´ del Centro Democratico), 71 Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), 170 Democratic Justice Party (DJP), 126 Department for Culture, Media, and Sports (DCMS), 319 Department of Defense (DoD), 423 Department of Energy (DoE), 423 Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (DFAT), 145 Department of Transportation (DOT), 474 Dependent image with operation restore democracy, 376, 378 Deutsche mark (DM), 394, 402 DFAT (see Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade) DFLP (see Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine) Diaspora, 169, 171 Director of Defense Research and Engineering (DDRE), 432 Displaced workers, DJP (see Democratic Justice Party) DM (see Deutsche mark) DML (see Demilitarized Line) Doctrine of General People’s Defense, 1968, 193 DoD (see Department of Defense) DoE (see Department of Energy) Dollar exchange rates, 1, 15 Domestic politics and international factors, 393 DOT (see Department of Transportation) DPRK, Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea), 120 DSB (see Defense Science Board) East Asia and the Cold War, 103–104 Eastern Europe, 229 East Europe security, 235 and Soviet reform, 232 486 East European exports/imports, 242– 243 East Jerusalem, 176 East NATO, 282 EBRD (see European Bank for Reconstruction and Development) Economic development, 463 Economic feasibility, 468 estimating costs, 468 funding arrangements, 469 projecting revenues, 468 Economic policy, 253 EEC, 265, 266 Elchibey, Azerbaijan pro-Turkish leader Abulfaz Ali, 216 ELF (see Eritrean Liberation Front) Elimination of nuclear weapons, 151 Elite images, 367 and policy preferences, 368 Emerging trends in international security, 387–388 Emperor Haile Selassie, 45 EMS (see European Monetary System) Enclaves, 58 EPLF (see Eritrean People’s Liberation Front) Eritrea, 43 British rule of, 44 Ethiopian rule of, 44 Italian rule of, 44 Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), 46 Eritrean National Pact Alliance, 52 Eritrean People’s Liberation Front (EPLF), 47 Eritrea’s secession from Ethiopia, 43 Ethiopia, 43 EU (see European Union) Euro-Barometer 35, 289 Eurocorp, 260 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 236 European Monetary System (EMS), 410 European public, 287 European Union (EU), 232, 251 model, 257 Index Exchange of factories, 12 of goods, Exchange Rate and International Economic Policy Coordination Act of 1988, 401, 403, 408 Exporting democracy, humanitarian vs national interest criteria, 17 EZLN, Zapatistas or Azpatista Army of National Liberation, 335 Fair labor standard, American, 14 FAO, United Nation’s Food and Agriculture Organization, 108 FDA (see Food and Drug Administration) FDP, German Free Democrats, 304 Fed, The, 394 Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 186– 187 Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), 473 FN, National Front, 304 FNLA (see Front for the Liberation of Angola) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of United Nations, 108 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 473 Foreign exchange interventions, 393 rate policy, 397 Foreign factories in the United States, 1, 12–13 Foreign policy, 253 decisions, 17 humanitarian, 18 Foreign relations of the ROK and DPRK, 135 Former Soviet Republics (FSRs), 236 Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM), 239 Freedom Union (US), 276 Free trade agreements, 15 French Communist Party (PCF), 304 Frente POLISARIO, liberation front, 65, 74 Index Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA), 30, 87 FSRs (see Former Soviet Republics) FWS (see Fish and Wildlife Service) FYROM (see Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) GAC (see General Advisory Committee) Gamsakhurdia, Georgia president Zviad, 208 GAN, Russian nuclear regulatory agency Gosatomnadzor, 446 Gaza Strip, 165 GEC (see Generalized Event Count) General Advisory Committee (GAC), 418 Generalized Event Count (GEC), 404 General Operational Requirement (GOR), 429 General Services Administration (GSA), 474 Generational influences, 300 Geopolitical discourse, 58–59, 64 Geostrategic threats to Israel, 174 German Free Democrats (FDP), 304 Globalization, 312, 317 Global media strategy, 318 GNP (see Gross national product) GOR (see General Operational Requirement) Gorbachev administration, 205, 210, 231, 233 Gore-Chernomyrdin agreement, cessation of plutonium production, 442, 448 Gosatomnadzor, Russian nuclear regulatory agency (GAN), 446 Gross national product (GNP), 5, 171, 403 GSA (see General Services Administration) Haiti American image of an overall dependent country, 373 487 [Haiti] American passivity toward its crisis, 373 American policymakers’ images of, 370 antipathetic sentiment, 370 inferiority, 370 coding scheme for the type of state categories, 368 image of Haiti, 370 self-image, 369 impact of American images on operation restore democracy, 374 dependent image with operation restore democracy, 378 self-image with operation restore democracy, 374 Hamas, 167, 170, 173, 177 Hebron agreement of 1997, 165 Henry Kissinger, Nixon’s foreign policy advisor, 83 Highly Enriched Uranium (HEU), 442 Hizballah, 168 Humanitarian foreign policy, 18 Hwang Jang-Yop, 107 IAEA (see International Atomic Energy Agency) Iberian kingdoms, 60 ICRC (see International Committee of the Red Cross) IEC (see International Economic Communities) Image model, 368 Imagined communities of Spain and Morocco, 63 IMF (see International Monetary Fund) Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS), 473 Immigration policy, U.S., 1, 9–10 Impact of American images, 374–375 of dependent images on operation restore democracy, 376, 378 Imperialism, 23, 25 Leninist model, 25 488 Increasing compatibility between ROK and DPRK, 134–135 Industrial diamonds in Zaire, 29 INF (see Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces treaty) Information, scripts, and issue frames, 80 Inhumane Weapons Convention of 1980, 155 INI, National Indianist Institute, 344 INS (see Immigration and Naturalization Service) Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), 335 Integrated explanations of American foreign exchange policy interventions, 406 Integrating systemic and statist explanations, 395 Intergovernmental feasibility, 471 leadership, 471 obtaining approval, 472 personnel costs, 472 specific agency concerns, 472 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces treaty (INF), 146, 442–443, 445, 447–448 Intermodal facility on the border, feasibility issues, 466–467 Intermodal transfer, 464 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 145, 161, 443 International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), 155 International competitiveness, 1, International Economic Communities (IEC), 1, 16 International feasibility, 475 binational involvement, 476 environmental concerns, 478 institutional cooperation, 477 jurisdictional concerns, 478 maintaining border integrity, 476 movement in personnel, 477 security, 478 International integration, 335 Index Internationalism, 390 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 234, 337, 393 International policy, conservative and liberal positions, of U.S and the U.N., win-win solution, International prosperity, exchange of goods, evaluating alternative position on tariffs, getting Japan and other countries to reduce tariffs, improving international competitiveness, NAFTA, negotiating free trade in farm products, exchange of factories, foreign factories in the U.S., 12 U.S factories going abroad, 14 exchange of people: U.S immigration policy, international refugees, 11 volunteerism in technical assistance, 11 general exchange facilitators, dollar exchange rates, 15 international economic communities, 16 International refugees, 1, 11 International strategy for United States, 391 International transportation along border of U.S and Canada, 464 along border of U.S and Mexico, 464 Intervention, Intifada, 165, 169 Irredentism, 175 Iskandrov, Tajikistan leaer Akbarsho, 214 Islamic-Democratic coalition of Tajikistan, 214 Islamic Jihad, 167, 170, 177 Israeli-Palestinian reconciliation, 166 Index Issue frames, scripts, and information, 80 Izquierda Unida, IU (United Left), 73 Japan problem, 112 JCAE (see Joint Committee on Atomic Energy) Jerusalem–Tel Aviv–Haifa triangle, 174 Jihad, 167 Joint Committee on Atomic Energy (JCAE), 425 Katanga, region of Zaire, 27 KDU-CSL, Christian Democrats, 276 Kissinger, Henry, Nixon’s foreign policy advisor, 83 Korea, 106 Kozyrev, Foreign Minister Andrei, 206, 222 Lack of consensus, 389 League of Nations, 203 Lebel, Moldova General Alexander, 212 Leninist model of imperialism, 25 Lexington Project, 425 Liberal alternatives, goals, positions, unilateralism, 390 Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT), 442, 448 Log-likelihood ratio (LR), 409 LTBT (see Limited Test Ban Treaty) Lumumba, Patrice, prime minister, 22– 23 Madrid Peace conference, 166 Major U.S Federal Government Agencies with an Interest in a Transboundary Intermodal Facility, 473 Manhattan Project, 425 Marxist-Leninist theory, 230 Media policymaking, 311 Melilla Nationalist Party, PNM, Partido Nacionalista de Melilla, 71 489 ´ Melilla People’s Union, UPM, Union del Pueblo Melillense, 71 MFN (see Most-favored nation trading status) Mine Ban Convention of 1997, 156 Minsk Group (Belarus, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Russia, Sweden, and Turkey), 216 Mobutu era in Zaire, 21–22 Moldova, 211 Most-favored nation trading status (MFN), 240 MPLA, Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, 30, 85 Multilateral cooperation, 439 Multilateral Development Banks Procurement Act of 1988, 404 Multilateralism, 390 Multilateral peacekeeping operations, 390 Multilevel analysis, and fissile material issue, 449–451 Muslim communities, Spanish citizenship of, 68 ´ Muslim Electoral Coalition, Coalicion Electoral Musulmana, 73 Nabiev, Tajikistan Communist leader Rakhmon, 214 NACC (see North Atlantic Cooperative Council) NAFTA (see North American Free Trade Agreement) Nagorno-Karabakh, 215 National goals, 127 identity, 58–59 materialism, 125 strategies of ROK, DPRK, U.S., PRC, Russia, and Japan, 124, 127, 130 tactics, 128 values, individualism, 125 National culture vs international trade, 311 National Front (FN), 304 490 National Solidarity Program (PRONASOL), 346 National Strategic Security Memorandum 39, NSSM-39 (U.S policy toward southern Africa), 83 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 188, 236–237, 251, 258– 260, 287 enlargement in 1998, 264 EU, 245 expansion, support for, 297–299 support for, 290–293, 301 Nazarbaev, Kazakhstan president Nursultan, 206 Neo-isolationism, 390 Neo-mercantilism, 24 NEPA (see Nuclear Energy for Propulsion of Aircraft) Netanyahu, Prime Minister Benyamin, 165 New Democratic Republican Party, 126 New Korea Democratic Party (NKDP), 125 New Labour, 317 New Musical Express (NME), 330 NGOs (see Non-government organizations) Nixon administration and U.S foreign policy toward South Africa, 81– 83, 86 NKDP (see New Korea Democratic Party) NME (see New Musical Express) Non-government organizations (NGOs), 147 Non-Proliferation Treaty, 146, 161 North Africa, Spanish enclaves in, 57 North American economy and international trade, 463 and land-based shipping, 463 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 8, 336, 342, 463 North and South Korea, 106 North Atlantic Cooperative Council (NACC), 236 Index North Atlantic Treaty Organization (see NATO) NPT, Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, 146, 161, 444, 448 NSG (see Nuclear Suppliers Group) NSSM-39, National Strategic Security Memorandium 39 (U.S policy toward southern Africa), 83 Nuclear disarmament regime, 439 Nuclear Energy for Propulsion of Aircraft (NEPA), 425 Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty (NPT), 444, 448 of 1995, 439 Nuclear policy, U.S., 417 Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), 145 Nuclear testing, 148 Nuclear-weapons states (NWS), 146 Nuclear-weapons-free zones, 146, 150, 161 Nuclear weapons treaties (START I and II, INF), 442 NWFZs (see Nuclear-weapons-free zones) NWS (see Nuclear-weapons states) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), 425 OAU (see Organization of African Unity) ODA, Civic Democratic Alliance, 276 ODS, Civic Democratic Party, 276 OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 313 Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), 419 Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), 418 Officers in Yugoslav military, 196 OIC (see Organization of the Islamic Conference) Okinawa, 113 OLS regressions, 404 Omnibus Trade Act, 401 ONUC, United Nations operation in the Congo, 204 Index Operational Test and Evaluation Command (OPTEC), 157 Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), 206, 236, 273 Organization of African Unity (OAU), 45, 49, 51, 91 Organization of the Islamic Conference, 239 ORNL, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 425 OSCE (see Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe) Oslo agreement of September, 1995, 169–170, 178, 180 OSRD, Office of Scientific Research and Development, 418 OSTP, Office of Science and Technology Policy, 419 PA (see Palestinian Authority) Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 47, 165 Palestinian Authority (PA), 165 Palestinian Covenant, 166 Palestinian domestic politics, 169 Palestinian state, 165 foreign policy orientation of a Palestinian entity, 171 Palestinian domestic politics and foreign policy, 169 policy implications, 177 geostrategic dimension, 179 sovereignity, 180 timetable, 179 real Middle East and the Arab-Israeli conflict, 166 strategic threats, 174 geostrategic threats to Israel, 174 irredentism, 175 terrorism, 177 threats to Hashemite Jordan, 176 threats to scarce resources and environment, 176 Paradigmatic development, nuclear restraint regimes, 443 491 Parson’s Value Classification, 122 ˜ Partido Comunista de Espana, PCE (Spain’s Communist Party), 73 ´ Partido Democratico y Social de Ceuta, PDSC (Social and Democratic Party of Ceuta), 73 Partido Independiente Hispano Bereber (PIHB, Spanish Berber Independent Party), 72 Partido Nacionalista Ceuti, PNC (Ceuta’s Nationalist Party), 73 Partido Nacionalista de Melilla (PNM, Melilla Nationalist Party), 71 Partido Popular (PP, Popular Party), 70 Partido Socialista del Pueblo de Ceuta, PSPC (Ceuta People’s Socialist Party), 73 ˜ Partido Socialista Obrero Espanol (PSOE, Spanish Socialist Workers Party), 71 Partisan influences, 303 Partnership for Peace (PFP), 236 Patrice Lumumba, prime minister, 22– 23 ˜ PCE, Partido Comunista de Espana (Spain’s Communist Party), 73 PCF, French Communist Party, 304 PDRY (People’s Democratic Republic of Yemen), 48 ´ PDSC, Partido Democratico y Social de Ceuta (Social and Democratic Party of Ceuta), 73 Peace Corps, 12 Peacekeeping Russian, 203 Soviet Union, 204 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 130 PFC [see Progreso y Futuro de Ceuta (Progress and Future of Ceuta)] PFLP (see Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine) PFP (see Partnership for Peace) PHARE (see Poland and Hungary: Aid for Economic Restructuring) PIHB (see Partido Independiente Hispano Bereber) 492 Pivotal states strategy, and the United States, 390–391 PLO (see Palestine Liberation Organization) PNC (see Partido Nacionalista Ceuti) PNM (see Partido Nacionalista de Melilla) Poisson regression, 404 Poland and Hungary: Aid for Economic Restructuring (PHARE), 237 Political sources of Zapatista rebellion, 343 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 170 Popular Party, PP (Partido Popular), 70 Possibilities for strategic interaction, ROK, DPRK, and others, 131 Post–Cold War American policymakers’ images of Third World country, 368 changes, 368 foreign policy decision-making, 367 issues, 367 nuclear disarmament, 440 security policy, 287 Power cycle, 387, 389 PP (see Popular Party) Pragmatic internationalism, 390 PRC (see People’s Republic of China) President’s Science Advisory Committee (PSAC), 418–419 Previous restraint regimes, 442 PRI, Institutional Revolutionary Party, 335 Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba of Congo/Zaire, 22–23 Problem-solving mode, 79 Progreso y Futuro de Ceuta, PFC (Progress and Future of Ceuta), 73 PRONASOL, National Solidarity Program, 346 Prosperity, international, Protectionism, 390 PS, Socialist Party in France, 303 PSAC (see President’s Science Advisory Committee) Index PSOE (see Partido Socialista Obrero Es˜ panol) PSPC (see Partido Socialista del Pueblo de Ceuta) Public opinion and foreign policy, 288– 289 Pyongyang’s actions, 108 Rabin, Yitzhak, 178 Rakhmonov, Tajikistan Communist leader Imomali, 214 Rally for the Republic (RPR), 304 Reagan administration and U.S foreign policy, 84 Re-branding Britain, 323 Refugees, international, 11 Reunification Democratic Party, 126 ROK, Republic of Korea (South Korea), 119 RPR (see Rally for the Republic) Russian peacekeeping, 203, 210 Saddam Hussein, 172 SALT I, Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, 444–445, 448 SALT II, subsequent Strategic Arms Limitation Talks, 444–445, 448 SAM (see Surface-to-air missile) San Francisco Treaty of 1951, 104–105 Script, Cold War, 81 Scripts, information, and issue frames, 80 Security policy, 417 Self-image with operation restore democracy, 374–375 Serbian-Montenegrin centralists, 186 Serbs, 185–186, 187 Shevardnadze, Foreign Minister Eduard, 205, 208–210 Simonstown Agreement of 1955, 82 Slovenes, 185 Slovenia, 186–187, 199 and dispute with federal authorities, 199 Snegur, Moldovan president Mircea, 212 Index Social and Democratic Party of Ceuta, ´ PDSC, Partido Democratico y Social de Ceuta, 73 Social Democrats in Germany (SPD), 303 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 185, 201 Socialist Party in France (PS), 303 Socioeconomic sources of Zapatista rebellion, 336 South Africa, U.S foreign policy toward, 81–82 South and North Korea, 106 Southern Africa, U.S foreign policy toward, 79 South Ossetia, 208, 209 South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone (SPNFZ), 145 Soviet reform and East Europe, 232 Soviet Union peacekeeping, 204 Spain’s Communist Party, PCE, Partido ˜ Comunista de Espana, 73 Spanish Berber Independent Party, PIHB Partido Independiente Hispano Bereber, 72 Spanish citizenship of Muslim communities, 68 Spanish enclaves in North Africa, 57 Chafarinas Islands, 57–58 Melilla, 57 ˜´ Penon de Alhucemas, 57 ´ ˜´ Penon de Velez de la Gomera, 57 Spanish Protectorate in Morocco, 61 Spanish Socialist Workers Party, PSOE, ˜ Partido Socialista Obrero Espanol, 71 Spatial strategies, 64, 65 SPD, Social Democrats in Germany, 303 SPNFZ (see South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone) Sputnik, 418, 431, 433 START I, Strategic Arms Reduction Talks of 1991, 442, 445–448 START II, Strategic Arms Reduction Talks of 1993, 278, 442, 445–448 493 START III treaty, 273, 278 State foreign economic policy and neoliberal institutionalism, 396 and structural realism, 396, 398 Statist approaches to foreign economic policy, 399 explanations of American foreign exchange policy interventions, 406 Statutes of autonomy, 62 Strategic arms reduction treaties (START), 146 interactions of the DPRK, 133 interactions of the ROK, 132 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks of 1972 (SALT I), 444 Studying intermodalism in an international context, 465 Subnational conflict, 335 Subsidies, well-placed, Super-optimizing analysis, Surface-to-air missile (SAM), 174 SWAPO (South West Africa People’s Organization), 86 Systemic approaches to foreign economic policy, 396 explanations of American foreign exchange policy interventions, 405 Tajikistan, 213 Tariff positions on, reduction, 1, Tax breaks, Technical assistance, volunteerism in, 11 feasibility, 469 automation, 470 facility design, 470 site selection, 470 Temple Mount, 176 Ter-Petrosayan, Armenian president Lev, 216 Territorial Defense Forces, 196 Terrorism, 177 494 Thematic coding, 368 Three-mines policy, 160 Title III of PL100–418 Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, Subtitle A, 401, 404 Tito, Josip Broz, President, 190, 193– 194 Towards a Global Ban on Anti-Personnel Mines conference of 1996, 156 Trans-Dniester republic, 211–213 Twenty-Seventh Soviet Party Congress, 231 TWF, Television Without Frontiers, 325 Type of state image category, 368–369 perceptions of capability, 368 for culture, 369 for decision-making style, 369 for locus of decision-making, 369 for motives, 368 ´ UCD (see Union del Centro Demo´ cratico) UDF (see Union for French Democracy) ` UMHK (see Union Miniere du Haut Katanga) UN, United Nations, 232 UNEF, United Nations Emergency Force, 203 UNGA, United Nations General Assembly, 41, 149 UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG), 211 UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR), 155 ´ ´ Union del Centro Democratico (UCD, Democratic Center Union), 71 ´ Union del Pueblo Melillense (UPM, Melilla People’s Union), 71 Union for French Democracy (UDF), 304 Index Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), 30, 85 ` Union Miniere du Haut Katanga (UMHK), 27 UNITA (see Union for the Total Independence of Angola) United Ceuta, CEU, Ceuta Unida, 73 United Left, IU, Izquierda Unida, 73 United Nations (UN), 2, 203, 219, 232 charter of, 204 Emergency Force (UNEF), 203 General Assembly (UNGA), 44, 149 operation in the Congo, 204 Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG), 204 volunteer force, as world’s peacekeeper/policeman, 390 United States, support for, 293–297, 302–303 United States Treasury/Federal Reserve (see also The Fed), 394 UNOMIG (see UN Observer Mission in Georgia) UNPROFOR (see UN Protection Force) UNTAG (see United Nations, Transition Assistance Group) ´ UPM (see Union del Pueblo Melillense) Uranium in Zaire, 29 U.S and Canada, 465 U.S and Mexico, New Mexico, USA, and Chihuahua, Mexico, 465 U.S factories abroad, 1, 14 U.S federal agencies involved in approval of port of entry, 475 U.S foreign exchange market intervention against DM, 394–395 against the yen, 394–395, 402 U.S foreign policy toward South Africa, 79, 81–82 US, Freedom Union, 276 U.S.–Russian Highly Enriched Uranium agreement, 442 U.S.–South African Bi-National Commission (BNC), 96 Index USSR nuclear arms race strategy sderzhivanie (denying the enemy a victory), 441 ustrashenie (response with punishing retaliation), 441 Variable descriptive statistics, 410 Verified hypotheses of ROK-DPRK relations, 136 Volunteer force, United Nations, Volunteerism, 1, 11 Wars and the military, 359 Weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 144 West Bank, 165 Western European Union (WEU), 238 West NATO, 282 Westphalia, treaty of 1648, 251 WEU, Western European Union, 238 Win-win analysis, 1–2 WMD (see Weapons of mass destruction) Yeltsin government, 209–210, 212 Yossi Beilin-Abu Mazen accord, 169, 180 YPA (see Yugoslav People’s Army) 495 Yugoslav Federal Army, 193 Yugoslav military, 185 Albanians in, 198 officers in, 196 Serbian soldiers in, 196 Yugoslav People’s Army (YPA), 196, 199–200 Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 186– 187 Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 185 Zaire American benefits in, security, economics, diplomacy, 21–22 cobalt in, 29 copper in, 28 industrial diamonds in, 29 Mobutu era, 21 uranium in, 29 ZANU (Zimbabwe African National Union), 86 Zapatismo and international relations theory, 348 Zapatistas and international relations, 335 Zapatistas (EZLN), 335 ZAPU, 86 ... 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