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Edited by Sakhela Buhlungu, John Daniel,
Roger Southall & Jessica Lutchman
South Africa 2005–2006
STATE
OF THE NATION
Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za
First published in South Africa by HSRC Press
Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Published in the rest of the world by Michigan State University Press
East Lansing, Michigan, 48823-5202, United States of America
© 2006 Human Sciences Research Council
First published 2006
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage
or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
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ISBN 0-7969-2115-6
In the rest of the world
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Contents
List of tables vi
List of figures ix
Foreword xi
Mark Orkin
Acronyms xiii
Introduction: can South Africa be a developmental state? xvii
Roger Southall
Part I: Politics
Introduction 3
1 Putting numbers to the scorecard: presidential targets and
the state of delivery 11
David Hemson and Michael O’Donovan
2 Towards a Constitution-based definition of poverty in
post-apartheid South Africa 46
Wiseman Magasela
3 Delivery and disarray: the multiple meanings of land restitution 67
Cherryl Walker
4 Assessing the constitutional protection of human rights in
South Africa during the first decade of democracy 93
Karthy Govender
5 More than a law-making production line? Parliament and its
oversight role 123
Judith February
6 The state of the national gender machinery: structural
problems and personalised politics 143
Amanda Gouws
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Part II: Economy
Introduction 169
7 Black empowerment and present limits to a more democratic
capitalism in South Africa 175
Roger Southall
8 The state of labour market deracialisation 202
Percy Moleke
9 The state of the informal economy 223
Richard Devey, Caroline Skinner and Imraan Valodia
10 Work restructuring and the future of labour in South Africa 248
Sakhela Buhlungu and Eddie Webster
11 The state of research and experimental development:
moving to a higher gear 270
Michael Kahn and William Blankley
Part III: Society
Introduction 299
12 The state of South Africa’s cities 303
Bill Freund
13 Guns and the social crisis 333
Jacklyn Cock
14 The Chinese communities in South Africa 350
Janet Wilhelm
15 Winning the Cup but losing the plot? The troubled state
of South African soccer 369
Merryman Kunene
16 The state of mathematics and science education:
schools are not equal 392
Vijay Reddy
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Part IV: South Africa in the world
Introduction 419
17 South Africa’s evolving foreign trade strategy:
coherence or confusion? 427
Jesmond Blumenfeld
18 South Africa’s relations with the People’s Republic of China: mutual
opportunities or hidden threats? 457
Sanusha Naidu
19 South Africa in Africa: scrambling for energy 484
John Daniel and Jessica Lutchman
Contributors 510
Index 513
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STATE OF THE NATION 2005–2006
vi
List of tables
Table 1.1 Scorecard on the RDP 19
Table 1.2 Anticipated housing delivery and backlog 24
Table 1.3 Percentage of households with access to public electricity
supply 29
Table 1.4 Household electrification 30
Table 1.5 Incidence of malaria reported 34
Table 1.6 Actual and targeted staffing levels of SAPS 35
Table 2.1 Comparison of selected poverty lines for South Africa, 1993 54
Table 3.1 Restitution budget, 1997/98–2005/06 (R’000s) 71
Table 3.2 National progress on settling claims, April 1995–
March 2005 72
Table 3.3 Provincial breakdown for lodged claims 76
Table 3.4 Provincial breakdown of settled claims as of February 2005 77
Table 3.5 National settled claims by locality and settlement type,
February 2005 78
Table 3.6 Claims requiring settlement, by regional office of the
Commission, February 2005 78
Table 3.7 Categories and scale of land dispossession, 1960–1983 83
Table 7.1 Share ownership on the JSE by percentage of market
capitalisation 182
Table 7.2 Financial Mail’s top 20 businesspeople in South Africa,
2003 192
Table 7.3 Selected BEE deals, 2004 193
Table 8.1 Distribution of workers within sectors, by percentage, race and
skills level 206
Table 8.2 Distribution of workers in occupational groups, percentage by
race, 2001–03 208
Table 8.3 Racial distribution of managers by age groups, 2004 210
Table 8.4 Distribution of workers, percentage by race and gender within
skill levels, 2002–04 210
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vii
Table 8.5 Highest level of education among those aged 20 and older,
percentage by race, 2001 216
Table 8.6 Degrees, diplomas, and certificates awarded by public
universities, percentage by race and field of study, 2002 217
Table 8.7 Proportion of workers trained in relation to total employees by
race group and occupational category 219
Table 9.1 Formal and informal employment – definitional
differences 229
Table 9.2 Informal employment as a proportion of non-agricultural
employment 229
Table 9.3 Labour market status of workers in South Africa,
1997–2003 231
Table 9.4 Formal employment, informal employment and domestic work,
percentage by sex and race 234
Table 9.5 Labour market status of workers, February 2002 to
March 2004 239
Table 9.6 Labour market status of informal economy workers,
February 2002 to March 2004 239
Table 9.7 Shifts between informal work and other labour
market status 240
Table 10.1 Security of job tenure of Cosatu members, 2004 254
Table 10.2 Occupational category of Cosatu members surveyed,
as defined by the company 255
Table 10.3 Age profile of Cosatu members, 1994, 1998 and 2004 256
Table 10.4 Highest formal educational levels of Cosatu members 256
Table 10.5 Gender composition of Cosatu membership, 1994, 1998
and 2004 257
Table 10.6 Year in which Cosatu member joined the union 258
Table 11.1 South Africa’s percentage share of world exports in technology,
1992 and 2002 273
Table 11.2 Manufactured exports revenue ranked by South African Rands,
1992 and 2002 274
Table 11.3 R&D expenditure by sector, 2003/04 279
LIST OF TABLES
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STATE OF THE NATION 2005–2006
viii
Table 11.4 Patents of South African origin granted at the United States
Patent and Trademark Office, 1993–2003 280
Table 11.5 Researcher full-time equivalents, 1992 and 2004 282
Table 11.6 Mathematics higher-grade candidates and passes (thousands),
1997–2003 283
Table 11.7 R&D expenditure by socio-economic objective, 2001/02 288
Table 11.8 R&D expenditure by biotechnology-related research field 108,
2002 and 2004 (R millions) 289
Table 11.9 Patents registered under the PCT, 1999–2004 291
Table 16.1 Participation and performance in mathematics in 1990,
percentage by racial groups 393
Table 16.2 Public schools in Gauteng offering mathematics in 2003,
categorised by ex-racial Departments of Education and
poverty rankings 402
Table 16.3 Trend of mathematics participation in public schools
in Gauteng 404
Table 16.4 Higher-grade mathematics participation in Gauteng
(no. and % of entrants) 404
Table 16.5 Trends of schools in Gauteng offering only standard-grade
mathematics (no. and %) 405
Table 16.6 Trends of higher-grade mathematics performance in Gauteng
schools, by ex-racial department 406
Table 16.7 Trend in correlation of school quality in Gauteng for ex-DET
and ex-HoA schools 409
Table 16.8 Established and emergent schools in Gauteng 409
Table 19.1 South African exports, imports and trade balance by region,
2004 (R millions) 488
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ix
List of figures
Figure 1.1 The line of delivery in basic water 26
Figure 1.2 The sanitation backlog, 1996–2016 28
Figure 6.1 Structure and components of the national gender
machinery 148
Figure 8.1 Distribution of skill profiles within racial groups as at
March 2004 212
Figure 9.1 Labour force by type of work in South Africa, 1997–2003 231
Figure 9.2 Workers in informal enterprises by sector, March 2004 232
Figure 9.3 Incomes in informal enterprises, March 2004 233
Figure 11.1 GERD:GDP, 1983–2003 278
Figure 11.2 Expenditure on R&D by major research fields, 2003
and 2004 279
Figure 11.3 Demographics of researchers (headcounts) in the NSI,
2001/02 284
Figure 16.1 TIMSS 2003 mean mathematics scores of schools categorised
by ex-racial departments 399
Figure 16.2 TIMSS 2003 mean mathematics scores by provinces 400
Figure 16.3 Mathematics school quality in Gauteng public schools in 2003,
by ex-racial department and independent schools 407
Figure 16.4 Change in school quality in Gauteng over time (1999, 2003),
for ex-DET and ex-HoA schools 408
Figure 18.1 South Africa’s bilateral trade statistics with China 469
Figure 18.2 China–South Africa bilateral trade 469
Figure 18.3 Commodity imports from China to South Africa 470
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STATE OF THE NATION 2005–2006
x
Figure 19.1 South African exports by region, 2003 and 2004 488
Figure 19.2 South African imports by region, 2003 and 2004 489
Figure 19.3 South Africa’s trade balance by region, 2003 and 2004 489
Figure 19.4 South African business activity in Africa by sector,
2000–03 490
Figure 19.5 Organogram of the Central Energy Fund 496
Figure 19.6 South Africa’s involvement in the African oil and natural gas
markets, by company 504
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[...]... African Airways South African Communist Party Southern African Customs Union Southern African Development Community Southern African Development Coordination Conference South African Football Association South African Human Rights Commission South African Local Government Association South African National Civics Organisation South African National Defence Force South African Police Service South African... about the implication that at this stage of South Africa s history this could well slow extension of African/black/majority control over the machinery of state. ) The second fracture revolves around economic strategy and the resultant nature of South Africa s post-apartheid capitalism As already suggested, the state s own promotion of the idea of the development state may at one level be an attempt to... way into South African embassies across the world and foreign embassies in South Africa; and perhaps most importantly, many ordinary South Africans have purchased the books simply to find out more about the complex and fascinating country we live in The considerable success of the series rests in part upon its sure foundations: the precedent of the South African Review series of the 1980s; the now wellestablished... addressed the National Assembly on 25 May (Mbeki 2005b) On this occasion, he reflected upon the decline of the ‘Washington Consensus’, the ideas which had set the stage for the reduction of the role of the state in the ‘development thinking’ of global bodies such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank since the 1980s Noting a new acceptance that development ‘requires an effective state, ... role’, he reiterated earlier statements he had made in 1999 that a minimalist state would be incapable of addressing the backlog of poverty in South Africa He therefore went on to assert the need for a ‘strong state To this end, he noted that Cabinet had charged the Forum of South African Directors-General to appraise both the ‘capacity of our democratic state and the challenges of ‘social cohesion’ (both... consensus on the need for a strong, developmental state (ThisDay 16.08.04) However, there would seem to be rather little consensus as to what this consensus is about! On the one hand, flowing out of the ANC’s theory of the national democratic revolution, there is strong overlap with the Jacobin position concerning the need for the state to promote a class of black capitalists On the other hand, there is... Without the backing of these supporters, State of the Nation would have been unable to achieve the success that it has enjoyed Finally, I would like to congratulate the editors, John Daniel, Jessica Lutchman, and Roger Southall, who this year have been joined in their task by Sakhela Buhlungu of the Department of Sociology of the University of the Witwatersrand Theirs has been a huge effort, although State. .. arranged in states where growth has been a top national priority for decades This approach urges a mixture of the scepticism of the economic liberals and the caution of the developmentalists towards the applicability of the developmental state idea to South Africa At one level, the liberals fear that, however well-intentioned, growing state regulation of the market is likely to xxxii INTRODUCTION Free... enabling State of the Nation to become a flagship project of the HSRC xi S TAT E O F T H E N AT I O N 2 0 0 5 – 2 0 0 6 We are grateful for the energy and thoroughness which the Press has brought to State of the Nation, as indeed to the impressive list of its other titles Free download from www.hsrcpress.ac.za It would be impossible to undertake such an ambitious annual publishing project as State of the Nation. .. different remedies for South Africa s travails Challenges to South Africa as a developmental state Let us now examine the way in which the different approaches can throw light on challenges facing South Africa if it is to aspire to becoming a developmental state, namely, the issues of historical specificity, state capacity, and the purported democracy/development trade-off THE DEVELOPMENT STATE: CAN HISTORY .
the precedent of the South African Review series of the 1980s; the now well-
established practice of the President in delivering annual State of the Nation . www.hsrcpress.ac.za
STATE OF THE NATION 2005–2006
xvi
SAA South African Airways
SACP South African Communist Party
SACU Southern African Customs Union
SADC Southern African
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