xunt KHnu NONG snN vAo cu - NHITNG TON rni vfi Gim PHnp TS. Vu Thi Thoa Hgc vien Chinh iri - Hdnh chinh quoc gia Ho Chi Minh Trong nhiing nam qua. Dang va Nha nude da tap trung dau tu cho ITnh vyc ndng nghiep, ndng thdn de day manh cdng nghiep hda, hien dai hda (CNH. HDH) ndng nghiep, ndng thdn, nhdr dd chat lupng hdng ndng sdn cua Viet Nam ngdy cdng dugc ndng eao, dap ling yeu eau eua hdi nhap kinh te qudc te. Hdi nhap kinh te qudc te da md ra ca hdi eho hang ndng sdn Viet Nam cd mat dr nhieu nudc tren the gidri vd gdp phdn tang thu ngoai te de phdt trien ddt nuac. Trong ede mat hang xudt khdu vdo thi trudng khu vyc EU, hang ndng sdn Viet Nam ciing chiem lugng rat ldn vd EU dugc danh gid Id thi trudng tieu thy ldn nhat cua hdng ndng sdn Viet Nam. Tuy nhien, de mdr rdng thi trudng xuat khau cho ndng sdn Viet Nam ra thi. trudng the gidi, dae biet la thi trudng EU, can phdi cd cac gidi phdp cu the, thiet thye. Bai viet tap trung nghien eiiu nhimg gidi phap nhdm thiie ddy xudt khdu ndng sdn eiia Viet Nam vdo thi trudng EU. 1. NhCrag quy dinh cua EU ve nhap khau nong san Bk tham gia dngc vdo thi trudng EU, cae doanh nghiep xuat khdu ndng sdn eiia Viet Nam khdng chi phdi ddi mat vdi nhimg tieu chudn chung, md cdn phdi thda man nhCrng quy dinh rieng ciia timg nha nhap khau hang hda, bai le eae nha nhap khau van ed the dua ra nhirng quy dinh rieng cho hang hda trong he thdng phdn phdi eiia hp. Hdng hda ndng san cua Viet Nam phdi vugt qua dugc nhiing rdo can quy dinh ve tieu chuan chat lupng vd an todn ve ve sinh thye phdm mai cd khd nang tiep can dugc thi trudng EU. Ben canh dd, EU cdn cd nhiing tieu chudn dp dyng rieng cho mdi loai mat hang, chang ban nhu: Mat hdng rau qud tuoi yeu cdu phdi dat ehiing ehi chat lugng GAP; Mat hang thiiy sdn yeu cdu phdi dat chung nhan chat lugng do Cue Quan ly An todn ve sinh va Thu y thuy sdn (NAFIQUAVED) cap, mat hang lam sdn, dd gd phdi cd ehiing ehi rimg do Hdi ddng Qudn li Rimg Qudc te (FSC - Forest Stewardship Council) cap. Dae biet, ddi vai ede mat hdng thyc phdm, doanh nghiep xudt khdu phdi cung cdp ddy dii thdng tin vl ngudn gdc, thdnh phdn, hdm lupng dinh duong ciing nhu hudng ddn each sir dung. Ddi vdi nhimg mat hdng dd dimg phdi cdng bd ddy dii cdc chi tieu ve cdc nguyen lieu sir dung trong sdn xudt vd miic dp dnh hudng din siic khde ngudi tieu dimg. Ngodi ra, thi trudng EU cdn cd nhimg yeu cdu khdt 24 NGHIEN CLTU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°l2 (1 Z'^i.iOU khe ca vc hinh thirc, nhan mac, bao bi ciia san pham xuat khau. 2. Nhung ton tai trong vivc xuat khau hang nong siin Vict Nam vao EU Thu- nhdt. lucmg hang ndng san ciia Vict Nam xudt khau vao EU lorn nhung gia tri xuat khau khdng cao, bdi le ndng san xuat khdu chil yju dudi dang thd. Chang ban, ddi vdi mat hang ca phe, Vict Nam xuat khau khoang I trieu tan ea phe moi nam, dirng hang thir hai tren the gidi, nhung kim ngach xuat khau chi dirng ihir lu. Hicn tai chi ed khoang 10% lugng ea phe dugc phdn loai theo tieu chuan khi xudt khau. edn lai deu xudt khau d dang thd nen thudng bi thua thiet ve gia. Thir hai. cac mat hang ndng san xuat khau chil lyc eiia Viet Nam vao thj trudrng EU deu chua chu trpng dau tu eho viec xay dyng thuang hieu, nen gia tri xuat khdu khdng eao. Vi du, che eiia Tdy Ban Nha ban tren san giao dich a nuac nay vai gia 3,7 USD/kg, trong khi dd che xanh eiia Viet Nam chua duge I USD/kg. Vi the, tham gia vdo thi trudng EU, viec xdy dyng thuong hieu cho eae sdn phdm ndng nghiep chii lyc cua Viet Nam Id mgt trong nhCrng viec ldm edn thiet vd cdp bach hien nay. Thd ba, cdc doanh nghiep ehe bien ndng san chua cd sy lien ket hgp tdc de ddu tu eho viec ndng cap cdng ngh? che bien, nen khdng nhCrng sd lugng doanh nghiep che bien thi nhieu, nhung chdt lugng che bien thap, md cdn gay ra linh trang tranh chdp ve nguyen li?u che bien. Cd Ibl lay mdt sd vi du: Ddi vdi ngdnh che Vipt Nam, moi ndm xuat khau khoang 100.000 xin che nhung cd tai 625 doanh nghiep tham gia che biln, nhung chat lugng vd thuong bicu van chua ddm bdo nen gid trj xudt khau van khdng cao. Doi vai mat hang cd phe, rieng linh Lam Dong, tdng so nha may cbl biln ed phe da vugt qua 1,5 lay san lugng, gdy ra tranh chap viing nguyen lieu, them vdo dd, phan Idn cd phe xuat khau tho nen da sd nha may che bicn lrong nude bj thieu nguyen lieu, chi boat ddng dudri 50% cdng sudt hien hdnh. Thir tir, \ ice ddu tu xdy dyng cdc kho chiia vd bdo qudn cac mat hang ndng san xuat khdu chu lyc cdn chua dugc quan tdm, nen da xdy ra tinh trang bj ep gid. Theo thdng ke cua Bd Ndng nghiep va Phdt trien Ndng thdn, chi rieng ddi vai mat hang g^o moi ndm cd nuac thu hoach 38 trieu ldn, nhung he thdng kho chiia chi du sire cho hai tri?u tdn. Do dd, neu khdng co bien phdp ndng cdp cdc kho chiia vd bao qudn thde gao, cdc doanh nghiep xudt khau gao ludn a trong tdm trang lo ldng khi khdng xudt khdu dugc gao, hon niia lai phdi trd lai cho ngdn hdng nen ddnh phdi ban vai gia thap do hi doi tdc nuac ngodi ep gid. 3. MQt so, giai phap de cac doanh nghidp xuat khau nong san Vi^t Nam co the tham nhap vdo thi truong EU Gfjudft Idtdu tt&ttq sdn 25 Mdt la, Nhd nuac can ho trg eho cae doanh nghiep xuat khau ndng sdn nam bat kip thdri cac thdng tin ve thj trudng EU. Thdng qua eae phuang tien thdng in dai chiing, cac ldp tap hudn ve ky thuat, Nha nude can cung cap kjp thdri cho eac doanh nghiep ehe bien ndng sdn xuat khau va ndng dan biet duge eae quy dinh, lieu chuan eiia EU dp dung eho hang ndng sdn, ddng thdri yeu eau hp thyc hien nghiem tue nhiing quy djnh nay. Hai la, Nhd nude can hd trg cdc doanh nghiep ehe bien ndng san xuat khau dau tu cdn] nghe ehe bien ndng san dam bdo eae tieu chuan ve chat lugng va an todn ve sinh 1 thye pham, ddng thdri ehii y tai viec thiet lap 1 he thdng xir ly chat thai hien dai, khdng lam ( d nhi em moi trudng. Eau tu cdng nghe ehe bien ndng sdn ) xuat kliau ddm bdo cdc tieu chudn ve chdt 1 lugng vd an loan ve sinh thyc phdm ddi hdi •^ vdn Idn, do dd, ben canh sy nd lye eua eac ( doanh nghiep can ed sy hd trg eiia Nhd nudc ^ ve vdn mdi cd the dap img duoc yeu eau ddi I mdi cdng nghe. Ddng thdri, cdc doanh nghiep ( ehe bien ndng sdn xuat khdu can cd sy lien 1 ket, hgp tdc vai nhau de ddu tu, ddi mai cdng r nghe nhdm ndng cao chat lupng sdn phdm vd r nang cao siie eanh tranh cua hang ndng sdn > xudt khdu vdo thi trudng EU. Han chi xuat 1 khau thd, trdnh tinh trang cd qud nhieu doanh r nghiep cbl biln ndng sdn xudt khdu ma gid t trj xuat khdu thdp, tranh chdp lan nhau dl r mdt thj trudng. Ba la, Nhd nuac can hd trg cae doanh nghiep che bien ndng san xuat khau trong viec ed duge cae chirng chi cdng nhan dat cac tieu chuan quy djnh ciia EU. Day chinh la dieu kien eho hp ed giay thdng hdnh can thilt de de dang tham nhap vao thj trudng EU. Ben canh sy ed gang ciia cae doanh nghiep, Nhd nuac can ho trg eae doanh nghiep tiep can thdng tin, cac thu tuc can thiet, ddo tao ngudn nhan lye eho doanh nghiep dap iing yeu cau sir dung cdng nghe hien dai trong che bien ndng san xuat khau. Bon la, cdc doanh nghiep che bien ndng san xudt khau vdo EU can dae biet ehii y tai xay dyng thuang hieu cho san pham eiia minh. Viec xdy dyng thuong hieu cho san phdm ndng sdn xuat khau Id can thiet va cap bach ddi vai cae doanh nghiep tham gia xuat khdu ndng sdn vdo EU. Bdri mdt mat, EU cd nhung yeu eau rdt khdt khe ed ve hinh thiic, nhan mac, bao bi cua sdn pham xuat khau; Mat khac, hdng ndng sdn Viet Nam ehu yeu xuat khdu dang thd vdo thj trudng EU, neu ehi dimg lai dr xuat khau sdn pham thd thi se khdng the cd dugc thuang hieu ma thj trudng the giai biet den. Do dd, cac doanh nghiep xudt khdu ndng sdn can phdi ddu tu cho cdc boat ddng qudng bd tiep can thj trudng vd ddi mdi boat ddng sdn xudt cua doanh nghiep dl xdy dyng duge thuang hieu, vi khi sdn phdm cd thuong hieu thi gid trj hdng hda se dugc ndng len cao ban. 26 NGHIEN CCfU CHAU AU EUROPEAN STUDIES REVIEW N°12 (13 ^11 Nam la, Chinh quyln dja phucng cQng nliu eac ngdnh chirc ndng can xdc djnh dugc the manh eiia minh de xdy dyng duge chien luge phat trien sdn pham ndng nghipp xual khau ciia tinh, ngdnh. Vi?c xac djnh the m^nh ciia tinh, ngdnh dc xay chien luge phat trien san pham ndng nghiep, dae biet Id cdc ndng san xuat khau, ddng vai trd rat quan trgng trong vipe dau tu cho phat trien ndng sdn a cd ngdn ban vd ddi han. Bdi le, ndng ddn ihudrng quan tdm t6i lgi ieh trudc mdt, hg sdn sdng phd bd nhirng cay trdng, vat nudi chua mang lai Igi ieh ngay eho minh. Do dd, tren ca sa chiln luge da xay dyng, Nhd nuac vd chinh quyen dja phuang can cd kl hoach ddu tu vd ho trg ndng dan thyc hien chien luge dl dat hipu qua eao trong sdn xudt ndng nghiep, ban cbl dugc tinh trang phd cdy ng, trdng cay kia vd khi dugc miia md sdn pham van khdng bdn dugc. Ddu tu cho phdt trien sdn phdm ndng nghiep xudt khdu can chii y tdi ndng cao chat lugng, hieu qud sdn xudt dat tieu chudn md cdc thj trudng thi gidi quy djnh, ddc biet Id cdc quy djnh cua EU vl xudt khdu hang ndng sdn, cd nhu vdy m6i tdng dugc gid trj cua ndng sdn xuat khdu cua Vipt Nam tren thj trudng thi giai. Sdu Id, cdc doanh nghiep chi bien ndng sdn xu^t khdu can chii y t6i vipe xdy dyng cdc kho luu giO' vd bdo qudn sdn pham. Vipc xdy dyng cdc kho luu giCr vd bao qudn sdn pham, mgt mdt gdp phan quan trgng vdo ndng cao chat lugng san phdm, gidm ton that sau thu hoach, mdt khac giiip doanh ngbipp cd the thu mua ndng sdn vdo miia vy kjp thdi eho ndng dan, chii dpng lrong vi^c dy trii nguyen lipu cho che bien va xudt khau ndng sdn. Tdi lifu tham khao 1. Nghich ly gid ndng sdn Viet tgi EU. httpy/vneconomy.vn/61474P0C10/nghich-ly-gia- nong-san-viet-tai-eu.htm 2. Xudt khdu ndng sdn vdo EU:. Thi trudng ldn nhung vdo khdng di. http ://vietbao. vn/Ki nh-te/Xuat-khau-nong- san-vao-EU-Thi-truong-lon-nhung-vao- khong-de/45117436/87/ 3. Ndng cao gid tri ndng sdn xudt khdu? • - Mgnh -yeu d ddu? http://giacaphe.com/16273/nang-cao- gia-tri-nong-san-xuat-khau-manh-yeu-o-dau/ 4. Nhiiu khd khdn khi xudt khdu ndng sdn vdo EU http://www.sggp.org. vn/nongnghiepkt/2 011/4/254651 . vn/Ki nh-te/Xuat-khau-nong- san-vao -EU- Thi-truong-lon-nhung-vao- khong-de/45117436/87/ 3. Ndng cao gid tri ndng sdn xudt khdu? • - Mgnh -yeu d ddu?. http://giacaphe.com/16273/nang-cao- gia-tri-nong-san-xuat-khau-manh-yeu-o-dau/ 4. Nhiiu khd khdn khi xudt khdu ndng sdn vdo EU http://www.sggp.org. vn/nongnghiepkt/2