TEAMFLY Team-Fly ® BROADBAND WIRELESS MOBILE 3G and Beyond Edited by Willie W. Lu SIEMENS, USA JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD BROADBAND WIRELESS MOBILE BROADBAND WIRELESS MOBILE 3G and Beyond Edited by Willie W. Lu SIEMENS, USA JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD Copyright q 2002 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770571. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley Editorial Offices John Wiley & Sons Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA Jossey-Bass, 989 Market Street, San Francisco, CA 94103–1741, USA Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, Boschstr. 12, D–69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Sons Australia Ltd, 33 Park Road, Milton, Queensland 4064, Australia John Wiley & Sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, 2 Clementi Loop 02–01, Jin Xing Distripark, Singapore 129809 John Wiley & Sons Canada Ltd, 22 Worcester Road, Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W 1L1 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0–471–48661–2 Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Deerpark Publishing Services Ltd, Shannon, Ireland. Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire. This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production. Contents Preface ix List of Contributors xiii 1 Summary and Introduction 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Network Architecture 3 1.3 Protocol Stack 4 1.4 Compact Open Core 5 1.5 Conclusions 8 2 UMTS Air Interface 11 2.1 Introduction 11 2.1.1 3GPP 13 2.1.2 3GPP2 14 2.2 UMTS Air Interface 14 2.2.1 Layer 1 15 2.2.2 Layer 2 48 2.2.3 Layer 3 62 2.3 CDMA2000 Air Interface 70 2.3.1 Layer 1 71 2.3.2 Layer 2 76 2.3.3 Layer 3 85 2.4 Compatibility Issues 90 2.4.1 3GPP-3G 91 2.4.2 3G-2G 93 2.5 Enhancing 3G Capabilities 95 2.5.1 Adaptive Antennas 98 2.5.2 Space-Time Transmission Diversity 113 2.5.3 Turbo Coding 121 2.5.4 Multiuser Detection 128 2.6 Conclusions 132 3 Network Architecture 137 3.1 Introduction 137 3.1.1 Requirements for 3G Systems 138 3.1.2 International Standardisation Activities 138 3.1.3 General Aspects of 3G Systems 140 3.1.4 Chapter Outline 141 3.2 Generic Network Model 142 3.2.1 Physical Model 142 3.2.2 Functional Model 144 3.3 Network Architecture 146 3.3.1 3GPP Release 99 147 3.3.2 3GPP Release 4 156 3.3.3 3GPP Release 5 160 3.3.4 An Overview of PS Domain Protocols 166 3.4 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 169 3.4.1 UTRAN Architecture 169 3.4.2 UTRAN Functions 174 3.4.3 Control and User Plane Separation in UTRAN 176 3.4.4 UE-UTRAN Association 177 3.4.5 The Uu Interface 178 3.4.6 The Iu Interface 178 3.4.7 Key Features of Iu Interface 179 3.4.8 Protocol Architecture across Iu 181 3.4.9 Signalling Procedures across Iu 187 3.4.10 Iur Interface 198 3.4.11 Iub Interface 205 3.4.12 Establishment of Data Bearers in UTRAN 209 3.5 Network Access Security 215 3.5.1 Key Security Principles 216 3.5.2 Weaknesses in Second-Generation Security 217 3.5.3 Security Objectives 217 3.5.4 Security Architecture 218 3.5.5 Network Access Security 220 4 Emerging Wireless Applications and Protocols 239 4.1 Introduction 239 4.2 Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) 240 4.2.1 WAP Markets 240 4.2.2 WAP Architectures and Protocols 243 4.2.3 WAP Securities 251 4.2.4 WAP Interoperability 252 4.2.5 WAP and 3Gwireless 254 4.2.6 WAP Services and Applications 256 4.2.7 WAP System Solutions 260 4.3 i-Mode 262 4.3.1 What is i-Mode? 262 4.3.2 i-Mode Compatible HTML 262 4.3.3 i-Mode Network Structure 263 4.3.4 Features of i-Mode 264 4.3.5 i-Mode Applications 265 4.3.6 i-Mode Developing Strategy 266 4.4 Other Wireless Mobile Internet Application Technologies 267 4.5 Conclusions 268 5 Initiatives in 4G Mobile Design 271 5.1 Introduction – Who Needs 4G? What is 4G? 271 5.1.1 Social Background and Future Trends 271 5.1.2 Trends in ITU-R 271 5.1.3 Wireless Access Systems Related to 4G Mobile 277 5.1.4 Key Technologies 277 Broadband Wireless Mobile: 3G and Beyondvi 5.2 Microwave Propagation 277 5.2.1 Microwave Mobile Propagation Characteristics in Urban Environments 279 5.2.2 Microwave Mobile Propagation Characteristics in Residential Environments 285 5.3 Adaptive Antennas 288 5.3.1 Introduction 288 5.3.2 Algorithms 290 5.3.3 Space-time Equaliser Using Adaptive Antennas 291 5.3.4 Implementation of the Space-time Equaliser 293 5.3.5 CDMA Adaptive Array Antennas 295 5.3.6 SDMA (Spatial Division Multiple Access) 296 5.3.7 Summary 300 5.4 Multiple Access Schemes 300 5.4.1 Comparison and Improvement Technology of Multiple Access Schemes 301 5.4.2 Multi-carrier CDMA 302 5.4.3 Summary 307 5.5 CDMA Dynamic Cell Configuration 307 5.5.1 Teletraffic Load in Cellular Radio Systems 307 5.5.2 Teletraffic Management and Access Methods 308 5.5.3 Channel Assignment 309 5.5.4 Control Methods in CDMA Systems 309 5.5.5 Principle of Dynamic Cell Configuration 310 5.5.6 Evaluation of DCC 311 5.5.7 Characteristics in Up and Downlinks 312 5.5.8 Future Works 314 5.6 CDMA Cellular Packet Communications 315 5.6.1 Transmission Power Control for Connection-less Services 316 5.6.2 Service Fairness in a System with Site Diversity Reception 318 5.6.3 Accommodation of Asymmetric Traffic 322 5.6.4 Summary 325 5.7 Network Architecture and Teletraffic Evaluation 326 5.7.1 Reducing Interruptions During Handoff 327 5.7.2 Reducing Forced Terminations During Handoff 327 5.7.3 Handover Control Appropriate for Multimedia Communications Using ATM and IP Technologies 331 5.7.4 A Mobile Communication Traffic Model 332 5.8 TCP over 4G 336 5.8.1 Transmission Rate Control 339 5.8.2 Transmission Power Control for CDMA Wireless Systems 340 5.8.3 Steady State Analysis for Combining of Transmission Power Control and Packet Transmission Rate Control 341 5.8.4 Performance Evaluation 342 5.8.5 Conclusions 343 5.9 Decoding Technique in Mobile Multimedia Communications 343 6 Conclusions 357 Index 361 Contents vii [...]... global roaming and high-speed wireless link (thanks to the tremendous silicon advancements) will make our travels wonderful and feel at home The key applications evolved from the advancement of broadband wireless, and the underlining technologies, including broadband wireless mobile (3Gwireless and 4Gmobile), broadband wireless access, broadband wireless networking, as well as broadband satellite solutions... various CAI standards With the Broadband Wireless Mobile: 3G and Beyond 6 Figure 1.5 Multi-dimensional and reconfigurable radio Figure 1.6 Compact broadband wireless – open interface Summary and Introduction 7 Figure 1.7 Open platform for broadband wireless mobile and access superconductivity technology advances, this block will probably become a separate ‘analogue header’ only The broadband pipe throughout... wireless system will be much more compact with limited hardware entity and more flexible and intelligent software elements Re-configurable and adaptive Broadband Wireless Mobile: 3G and Beyond 2 terminals and base stations helps the system easily applied in the wireless mobile as well as wireless access applications The compact hardware and very small portion of software (called Common Air Interface Basic... the BTS, and the BTS is an open platform supporting various standards and optimised for full harmonisation and convergence The terminal (Mobile Station – MS) can be single or multi-users oriented supporting converged wireless applications Figure 1.3 illustrates the unified wireless networks based on this architecture [1] Broadband Wireless Mobile: 3G and Beyond AM FL Y 4 Figure 1.3 Unified wireless. .. quickly rolled out into the market with huge investment and involvement from lots of engineers, researchers and marketing professionals The objective of 3Gwireless is very clear: to extend the Internet traffic to the mobile terminal and unwire the Internet Therefore, the major improvement of 3Gwireless is on x Broadband Wireless Mobile: 3G and Beyond the new air interface called Radio Transmission Technology... configurable to different applications of wireless mobile or wireless access ‘Digital Down-Converter Broadband Wireless Mobile: 3G and Beyond 8 Figure 1.9 Compact wireless open terminal (DDC)’, ‘Digital Up-Converter (DUC’, ADC and DAC are components of the broadband digital transceiver system ‘SIG’ handles various signalling protocol stacks, e.g ‘All IP’ stack and ‘IP on Air’ stack The proposed Fourth Generation... systems beyond the 3Gwireless as 4Gmobile, which actually outlines the key features of our proposed convergence of broadband wireless mobile and access systems The 4Gmobile will present a beautiful wireless life in 2010 when at that time, wireless will not just be a technology In this book, the authors will focus on the Broadband Wireless Mobile issues Chapter 2 will discuss the air interfaces and radio... 64–67, Nov 1999 [4] Proceedings of IEEE 3Gwireless’2000, San Francisco, CA, June 14–16, 2000 [5] Special Issue on ‘3Gwireless and Beyond , IEEE Pers Commun Mag., Oct 2000 [6] W W Lu, et al., ‘System Reference Model and Protocol Stack for Broadband Wireless Access’, Proceedings of IEEE ICC’2000, pp 560–564, New Orleans, LA, June 18–22, 2000 [7] White paper on Broadband Wireless Access systems, http://www.ieee802.org/16... transmission time) and relative phase (uniquely in uplink) and, additionally in TDD, the timeslot and burst type Broadband Wireless Mobile: 3G and Beyond 16 Figure 2.4 Protocol Stack for the Radio Interface 3GPP TSs and TRs are the property of ARIB, CWTS, ETSI, T1, TTA and TTC who jointly own copyright in them They are subject to further modification and are therefore provided to you ‘as is’ for information... as the mobile wireless router in terms of traffic management and access control The world changes too fast When I first talked on 3Gwireless in 1995, only a few people attended my seminar Now everyone is talking about ‘ 3G ’, ‘ Beyond 3G ’ and 4G Mobile My invited speech in Stanford attracted nearly one thousand wireless professionals and my recent talk in China witnessed over ten thousand people – unbelievable! . of broadband wireless, and the under- lining technologies, including broadband wireless mobile (3Gwireless and 4Gmobile), broad- band wireless access, broadband. Team-Fly ® BROADBAND WIRELESS MOBILE 3G and Beyond Edited by Willie W. Lu SIEMENS, USA JOHN WILEY & SONS, LTD BROADBAND WIRELESS MOBILE BROADBAND WIRELESS