Social and Economic Control of Alcohol The 21st Amendment in the 21st Century AU5463.indb 10/9/07 11:11:19 AM PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AND PUBLIC POLICY A Comprehensive Publication Program EDITOR-IN-CHIEF EVAN M BERMAN Huey McElveen Distinguished Professor Louisiana State University Public Administration Institute Baton Rouge, Louisiana Executive Editor JACK RABIN Professor of Public Administration and Public Policy The Pennsylvania State University—Harrisburg School of Public Affairs Middletown, Pennsylvania Public Administration as a Developing Discipline, Robert T Golembiewski Comparative National Policies on Health Care, Milton I Roemer, M.D Exclusionary Injustice: The Problem of Illegally Obtained Evidence, Steven R Schlesinger Organization Development in Public Administration, edited by Robert T Golembiewski and William B Eddy Approaches to Planned Change, Robert T Golembiewski Program Evaluation at HEW, edited by James G Abert The States and the Metropolis, Patricia S Florestano 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Edition, Norma M Riccucci and Katherine C Naff 133 Handbook of Police Administration, edited by Jim Ruiz and Don Hummer 134 Handbook of Research Methods in Public Administration, Second Edition, edited by Gerald J Miller and Kaifeng Yang 135 Social and Economic Control of Alcohol: The 21st Amendment in the 21st Century, edited by Carole L Jurkiewicz and Murphy J Painter Available Electronically Principles and Practices of Public Administration, edited by Jack Rabin, Robert F Munzenrider, and Sherrie M Bartell PublicADMINISTRATIONnetBASE AU5463.indb 10/9/07 11:11:20 AM Social and Economic Control of Alcohol The 21st Amendment in the 21st Century Edited by Carole L Jurkiewicz Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A Murphy J Painter Louisiana Department of Revenue Baton Rouge, Louisiana, U.S.A Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business AU5463.indb 10/9/07 11:11:20 AM CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487‑2742 © 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S Government works Printed in the United States of America on acid‑free paper 10 International Standard Book Number‑13: 978‑1‑4200‑5463‑7 (Hardcover) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the conse‑ quences of their use Except as permitted under U.S Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and 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references and index ISBN 978‑1‑4200‑5463‑7 (alk paper) Temperance‑‑United States Drinking of alcoholic beverages‑‑United States Liquor laws‑‑United States I Title HV5085.J87 2008 362.292’609973‑‑dc22 2007018725 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com AU5463.indb 10/9/07 11:11:21 AM Dedication CLJ: For Spencer and Crosby MJP: To all my friends and family who have stayed the course by my side, and especially to former Governor Murphy J Foster Jr who gave me the opportunity to be commissioner of the Office of Alcohol & Tobacco Control for the State of Louisiana ix AU5463.indb 10/9/07 11:11:21 AM State Government Alcohol Revenue Toward Liquor Control: A Retrospective  n  227 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 01 20 0.00 20 7.00 19 0.00 19 00 85 19 0.00 19 5.00 19 0.00 19 5.00 19 0.00 19 5.00 19 00 50 19 5.00 19 0.00 19 5.00 19 Year Figure 12.2  Source: U.S Bureau of the Census, online databases, various years Federal Government Alcohol Revenue Utah (Ibid) Much later, an additional three states set up monopolies: Alabama, North Carolina, and Mississippi (Ibid) Although much variation exists among the monopolies, some similarities exist For example, none of the monopolies involve manufacturing, and manufacturing and importation are conducted under license by private enterprises involving licensing by both state and federal governments No state has set up monopoly drinking establishments or state-owned taverns or restaurants All monopoly states also license the private sale of alcohol Some monopoly states have opted to privatize wine sales, responding to the lobbying of the Wine Institute, a lobbying arm of the California wine growers In Ohio, for example, wine sales were privatized and 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 01 20 00 00 20 7.00 19 0.00 19 5.00 19 00 80 19 5.00 19 0.00 19 5.00 19 0.00 19 5.00 19 00 50 19 5.00 19 0.00 19 5.00 19 Year Figure 12.3  Source: Office of Management and the Budget, Budget of the United States, online databases, various years AU5463.indb 227 10/5/07 1:48:59 PM 228  n  Social and Economic Control of Alcohol as a result the consumption of wine increased even though overall consumption of alcohol declined, following the national trend All monopoly states except Wyoming, Iowa, and Michigan sell alcohol in state-owned retail liquor stores North Carolina differs from its monopoly neighbors in that it allows for state level, county level, and city level government-owned stores Even the nonmonopoly license states have provisions for locally run monopolies (StateWays, 68) For example, Maryland, South Dakota, Wisconsin, and Minnesota allow local governments to operate retail liquor stores Of course, the federal government also operates monopolies on its military bases, including on-base and off-base retail liquor stores, and on-base “open messes” that offer liquor and beer to go Native Americans also operate monopolies, with ten tribes on fifteen reservations providing for tribal liquor stores In 1981, American Inuits (Alaskan Native Americans) were allowed by state law to operate monopolies on reservation land These monopolies allow states, the federal government, and Native American tribes to band together as purchasers and receive deep discounts in wholesale transactions from alcohol manufacturers This is turn allows the monopolies to add a greater proportion of taxes to each bottle of alcohol sold, compared to license-only states, and the overall cost per bottle of alcohol for consumers is less in wholesale states compared to license-only states Recommendations for monopolies and licensing made by the Fosdick and Scott have been implemented for the most part by state governments, and states have adopted a strict policy of legal control over the sale of alcoholic beverages All states, regardless of whether or not they operate monopolies, use licensing as a method of regulating the purchase of alcohol Underage Drinking Underage drinking is a national problem It is estimated that of the nation’s 113 million drinkers, 10 million are underage (Nation’s Health, 2000) The total cost of underage drinking is $58 billion annually, including costs from traffic accidents, violent crime, suicide attempts, and medical treatment One-third of high school students reported binge drinking in the past month, but only three percent of parents believe their teens use alcohol Efforts have been made by colleges to reduce underage drinking Fraternity or sorority parties are the primary source of underage drinking on campus, and strict restrictions have been demonstrated to reduce alcohol consumption (Wechler, Lee, Nelson and Kuo, 2002) Elimination of freshman-only dorms, and diversifying residence halls with higher percentages of women and older students are associated with lower levels of underage alcohol consumption (Wechsler and Kuo, 2003) Both state and local governments fund alcohol education programs for youth, and all school districts include alcohol education as part of the curriculum The recommendations advanced by Fosdick and Scott regarding alcohol education have AU5463.indb 228 10/5/07 1:48:59 PM Toward Liquor Control: A Retrospective  n  229 been enacted However, there are only mixed results concerning the effectiveness of these programs The most successful education programs rely on the concept of social norms Most studies agree that peer pressure is the major factor behind underage drinking: Students want to be accepted by their peers and therefore engage in underage drinking to be consistent with “what everyone else is doing.” However, students report higher perceived drinking among their peers than does actually occur Social norms education programs emphasize ending the misperceptions of peer drinking behavior and educating students to the real incidence of underage drinking For example, researchers at Hobart and William Smith Colleges conducted a controlled experiment using the social norms concept and found that students achieved a significant increase in their awareness of actual drinking patterns and as a response significantly reduced their own drinking consumption (Perkins and Craig, 2002) The New Temperance Movement The decrease in alcohol consumption since 1980 has been attributed to what some researchers call “the new temperance movement” (Miller, 1984) Prevention specialists abandoned the old paradigm of individual responsibility and early, school-based informational approaches to alcohol prevention and replaced it with environmental, policy and legislative methods of prevention (Room, 1992) There is a lack of agreement, however, about what type of approach is best in reducing consumption The first approach argues that there should be public policies and legislation that will reduce alcohol consumption by all drinkers, regardless of where they are on the light to heavy drinker scale, with a special emphasis on reducing the consumption by heavy drinkers (Moore and Gerstein, 1981, p 67) The second approach targets heavy drinkers only because of the higher social and health costs of their high intake (Rehm, Ashley and Room 1996) These two approaches are not so much opposing as complimentary Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) set the agenda for the a new temperance movement From 1975 to 1980 there was a 182 percent increase in arrests for Driving Under the Influence (DUI), a 124 percent increase from 1980 to 1985, and a 118 percent increase from 1985 to 1990 (Meier, 165) MADD is an interest group with no opposition: no one wants to argue for drunk driving, and even major breweries are included in MADD’s list of contributors MADD has given rise to additional temperance interest groups, for example, Students Against Drunk Driving (SADD) Most high schools across the nation have a SADD chapter MADD was also instrumental in lobbying for a national drinking age law set at 21 years of age Starting in the early 1970’s, states began to enact legislation that reduced the drinking age to 18 or 19 years of age By 1979, twenty-three states had set their minimum drinking age at 18 or 19 years of age However, by the early 1980’s there were numerous, highly-publicized studies that claimed teenage alcohol AU5463.indb 229 10/5/07 1:48:59 PM 230  n  Social and Economic Control of Alcohol use was out of control and was turning into a devastating problem of epidemic proportion MADD seized on this issue and flooded the offices of U.S congressmen with letters from members supporting a national drinking age With overwhelming support from the U.S Congress, the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 was passed The actual bill required state governments to raise their minimum drinking age to 21 within two years or lose a portion of their Federal-aid highway funds It also and encouraged states, through incentive grants programs, to pass mandatory sentencing laws to combat drunk driving Advertising Retrictions The U.S Congress, in 1988, adopted a labeling policy that required alcohol manufacturers to include health warning labels on alcohol containers, similar to the health warnings on cigarette packages Public opinion overwhelmingly supports the labeling policy (170) State governments have adopted a variety of policies regarding alcohol advertising (Center for Alcohol Marketing and Youth, 2003) These regulations include prohibitions: on misleading alcohol advertising; against advertising that targets minors or uses images of children in advertisements; against images or statements that associate alcohol with athletic achievement or that encourage intoxication Additional regulations restrict outdoor advertising in locations where children are likely to be present, or advertising near colleges, schools, playgrounds and churches Other regulations restrict alcohol contest giveaways, such as contests and raffles Conclusion It is perhaps ironic that in writing about the failure of prohibition and recommending government policies in the face of its repeal, authors Fosdick and Scott overlooked the positive accomplishments of prohibition Because of prohibition, hundreds of thousands of saloons were closed, consumption of alcohol dropped to the lowest level in American history, drunk and disorderly arrests dropped, and the nation’s overall health improved Of course, prohibition continues to be perceived as a failure due to the rise of organized crime and substantial civil disobedience connected with it Many of Fosdick and Scott’s recommendations for prohibition’s repeal have been enacted by state and local governments Brewery saloons not exist, and bootlegging and racketeering have been widely eliminated Eighteen states have adopted monopolies to control the pricing and retail sale of alcohol, and all states engage in the licensing of retail stores and by-the-drink establishments Many states adopted Fosdick and Scott’s recommendation about regulating beer and wine differently than the stronger alcoholic spirits However, research AU5463.indb 230 10/5/07 1:49:00 PM Toward Liquor Control: A Retrospective  n  231 has shown that the alcohol content of a person’s blood is a more precise measure of alcohol abuse than the alcohol content of the drink With prohibition’s repeal, alcohol consumption began an upward trend which peaked in 1980 Along with increased alcohol consumption came the narrowing of the alcohol consumption gender gap: the percentage of women drinkers also steadily increased after prohibition’s repeal As alcohol consumption increased, the nation’s health declined For example, cirrhosis rates increased steadily until 1970, and much of the annual $100–130 billion cost of alcohol consumption is spent on health-related illnesses Despite the National Minimal Drinking Age Act of 1984, underage drinking is a national problem The educational programs aimed at temperance among youth have not been effective in reducing the incidence of underage drinking One educational approach, the social norms concept, has been proven effective on college campuses Most certainly, Fosdick and Scott would be pleased about the emergence of the New Temperance Movement This movement pursues a reduction in alcohol consumption by all drinkers and advocates moderation The movement also targets heavy drinkers and underage consumption MADD has been an instrumental part of this movement, and has advocated increased apprehension and prosecution of drunk drivers The MADD organization has paved the way for other temperance organizations to form, most notably SADD The federal government has adopted advertising policies for alcohol, and state and local governments have adopted laws and regulations regarding the advertisement of alcohol products The federal and state governments have become dependent upon alcohol-related revenue Taxes on alcohol have steadily increased since the repeal of prohibition, and governments are fiscally dependent upon the drinking patterns of their citizens Fosdick and Scott warned against the pernicious relationship between taxation and alcohol consumption: They recommended that taxation should be a way of regulating the consumption of alcohol, not as a way of financing government services Overall, Fosdick and Scott would be pleased at the adoption of so many of their recommendations from 1933 They would, no doubt, express disappointment at some post-prohibition trends, such as underage drinking and the reliance of governments on alcohol revenue Both supporters of the temperance movement a century ago, Fosdick and Scott would feel vindicated by the New Temperance Movement, a movement that has proven, so far, to dull the sharper edges of prohibition’s repeal For the most part, the repeal of prohibition has followed a course consistent with their recommendations References Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth 2003 State Alcohol Advertising Laws: Current Status and Model Policies Washington, D.C.: Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth AU5463.indb 231 10/5/07 1:49:00 PM 232  n  Social and Economic Control of Alcohol Fosdick, Raymond B., and L Scott Albert Toward Liquor Control New York: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1933 Gallup Poll 2004 “Percent Who Drink Beverage Alcohol, by Gender, 1939-2000.” http:// www.niaaa.nih.gov/databases/dkpat1.htm Greenfield, T K., and J D Rogers “Who Drinks Most of the Alcohol in the U.S.? The Policy Implications.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 60:1 (1999): 78–89 Heien, Dale M 2004 “Are Higher Alcohol Taxes Justified?” Available online at www.cato org/pubs/journal/cj152-3-7.html Meier, Kenneth J The Politics of Sin: Drugs, Alcohol, and Public Policy Armonk, NY: M E Sharpe, 1994 Miller, N Prohibitive Tendencies? The New Temperance Movement Boston, MA: Phoenix, 1984 Moore, M., and D Gerstein Alcohol and Prohibition: Beyond the Shadow of Prohibition Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1981 National Institute on Alcohol and Alcoholism Alcohol and Health: Special Report to the U.S Congress Washington, D.C.: Department of Transportation, 1997 Nation’s Health 2000 “Underage Drinking Takes its Toll on the Nation.” The Nation’s Health (February) Nephew, T M., G D Williams, H Yi, A D Hoy, F S Stinson, and M C Dufour Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System, Surveillance Report #62, Apparent Per Capita Alcohol Consumption: National, State, and Regional Trends, 1970–2000 Rockville, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Division of Biometry and Epidemiology, August 2003 Perkins, W., and D Craig 2002 A Mulitfaceted Social Norms Approach to Reduce High Risk Drinking: Lessons from Hobart and William Smith Colleges Newton, MA: Higher Education Center for Alcohol and Other Drug Prevention Rehm, J., M J Ashley, and R Room “On the Emerging Paradigm of Drinking Patterns and Their Social and Health Consequences Addiction 9:1 (1996): 1615–22 Rogers, J.D and T.K Greenfield 1999 “Beer Drinking Accounts for Most of the Hazardous Alcohol Consumption Reported in the U.S.” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 60: 732–739 Room, R “The Impossible Dream? Routes to Reducing Alcohol Problems in a Temperance Culture.” Journal of Substance Abuse (1992): 91–106 StateWays, 1988 “Control: How and Why, A History of ‘Monopolies’ in the U.S.” StateWays May/June: 64–68 Wechsler, H., Lee, J., Nelson, T., and M Kuo 2002 “Underage College Students’ Drinking Behavior, Access to Alcohol, and the Influence of Deterrence Policies.” Journal of American College Health 50 (5): 223–236 Wechsler, H., and M Kuo 2003 “Watering Down the Drinks: The Moderating Effect of College Demographics on Alcohol use of High-Risk Groups.” American Journal of Public Health 93 (11): 1929–1933 AU5463.indb 232 10/5/07 1:49:00 PM Index A Absolut vodka advertisements, 129 Access, 129 Accountability, 207 Adams Handbook, 12 Addiction etiology, 118 rational, 22 Adolescents, 120 see also College students alcohol use, 160 binge drinking, 121 driving under the influence, 124 epidemiology, 164–166 risk-taking, 124–125 social costs, 160 Adult binge drinking, 120 Advertising Absolut vodka, 129 limits, 128 reactions, 230 Age, 190–191 Alabama revenue, 63 Alcohol taxation and economic impacts, 19–30 US Treasury Department, 81 warning labels, 128 Alcohol consumption, 224–225 American attitudes toward, 15 consequences, 124–127 costs, 226 excessive, 119 levels, 118–119 moderate, 119 by nations, 14 overall vs binge drinking, 25 social cost, 13 trends, 20 Alcohol control access limitations, 10 alcohol types, 9–10 ancient societies, Canada, 202 colonists, 2–3, 31–32 digital policy resources, 91–93 effect, 87 historical times, rationale, 1–18 social control, 10 21st Amendment, 8–10 state boards, 81, 197–216 state control, 11–14 timeline, 3–5 US history, 2–7 Alcohol cultures perceptions, policies, social norms, 139–158 transforming, 139–158 Alcohol dependent, 119–120 Alcohol Epidemiology Program, 82 Alcoholic Beverage Control Act California, 65 Alcoholic Beverage Control Law, 46 Alcoholic beverages marketing control, 31–56 regulating sales and marketing, 57–78 Alcoholic psychosis, 220 Alcohol industry 233 AU5463.indb 233 10/5/07 1:49:27 PM 234  n  Social and Economic Control of Alcohol economic benefits, 13 growth, 11–12 Alcohol law web sites, 92 Alcohol misuse by college youths control, 159–174 Alcohol price elasticity, 21–22 AlcoholScreening.org, 178–183 age, 190–191 cues to action, 189 gender, 190 perceived benefits, 188 perceived severity, 187 perceived susceptibility, 186 personalized feedback, 184–189 questions, 180–181 self-efficacy, 189 Alcohol Server, 203, 204 Alcohol Use Identification Test (AUDIT), 182, 186–187 Alcopops, 129, 142 Alford, John, 200 Allied Domecq, 35, 37 Amendments First, 37, 40 Seventeenth, 219 Eighteenth, 33, 59, 80–81 dwindling support, 99 Twenty first, 7, 37–45, 49, 71–72 adoption, 81 alcohol control, 8–10 American state liquor authority plan, 222 American Temperance Society, American Whiskey Trail, 46 Ancient society alcohol control, Anderson, William H., 104 Andrews, Benjamin, 103 Anti-Chain Store Act, Anti-Saloon League, 1, 5, 98, 104, 219 Ash, Russell, 14 Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, AUDIT see Alcohol Use Identification Test (AUDIT) B BAC see Blood alcohol content (BAC) standards Bacardi Ltd., 35, 37 AU5463.indb 234 Bacchus Imports v Dias, 38, 45, 49 BATF see Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF) Beer federal regulations, 86 market growth, 13–14 vs spirits, 220 state regulations, 82–85 Binge drinkers, 25 adolescents, 121 adult, 120 college students, 162–163, 183 ethnic, 123 illicit drugs, 126 male vs female, 184 smoking, 126 Biological factors, 118 Blood alcohol content (BAC) standards, 83–84 Boston University Join Together, 178–179 Brief Intervention Model, 184 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF), 61, 129 Department of Treasury, 86 C California Alcoholic Beverage Control Act, 65 Community Trial Program, 167 sweepstakes regulations, 66 Capital Cities Cable v Crisp, 38 Carter, James C., 103 Change initiatives for community, 167–168 Child abuse, 126 Churches, 219 Cirrhosis, 25, 87, 219–220 Clark Distilling Co v Western Maryland R Co., 48 Clayton Antitrust Act, Cognitive impairment, 122 College students, 162–163 alcohol misuse, 159–174 binge drinkers, 163, 183 Colonists, 46–47 alcohol control, 2–3, 31–32 Colorado direct to consumer sales, 70 Commerce Clause, 37, 38–43, 46, 49 discrimination prohibition, 67 Committee of Fifty Report, 103 10/5/07 1:49:27 PM Index  n  235 Communicating Health, 177 Communication, 131 Communities Mobilizing for Change on Alcohol, 167–168 Community change initiatives, 167–168 wishes, 220 Community Trial Program, 167 Complex culture comprehension, 142 Connecticut franchise regulations, 68 Consumer culture, 38 Control and licensure distribution systems, 60–70, 85 Control states, 62, 83 Convenience, 129 Cops in Shops, 203 Costco, 9, 14, 37 Costello, Michael, 107 Costs, 26–27 alcohol consumption, 226 social, 13 Crime, 27 violent, 87 Crosby, Everett, 108 Cultural cataracts, 145 Cultural groups, 123 Cultural influences on drinking, 117–138 Customers empowering, 206 finding, 204–205, 206 Customer service liquor control model, 207–211 OIU, 206 D Databases National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 225 US Bureau of the Census, 227 Decriminalization, 89–90, 90 Delaware convention, 99 Cops in Shops, 203 Department of Treasury BATF, 86 TTB, 59–60 Diageo, 35 Digital alcohol control policy resources, 91–93 AU5463.indb 235 Direct to consumer sales, 70–71 Disease model, 118 Distilled spirits brands, 36 Distilled spirits marketers, 37 Distribution systems control and licensure, 60–70, 85 state regulation, 83 Domestic violence, 126 Drinker’s pyramid, 182 Drinking and driving laws, 83 sociological and cultural influences, 117–138 Driving adolescents, 124 and drinking, 83 under influence, 124, 229 Drug use, 126 DUI see Driving, under influence E Economics alcohol, 19–30 benefits, 13 costs, 118 impact, 25–26, 58 laissez-faire, 42 Education, 223 Eighteenth Amendment, 33, 59, 80–81 dwindling support, 99 Einstein, Albert, Elderly, 121 Eliot, Charles, 103 Emergent adulthood, 161 Epidemiology, 164–166 Ethanol, 220 Ethnic binge drinking, 123 Excessive alcohol consumption, 119 F FAA Act see Federal Alcohol Administration Act (FAA Act) Family dynamics, 24 Family Winemakers of California, 70 Fear prevention efforts, 146 10/5/07 1:49:28 PM 236  n  Social and Economic Control of Alcohol Federal Alcohol Administration Act (FAA Act), 8, 59–60, 64–65 Federal regulations, 60 beer, wine, spirits, 86 web resources, 91 Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 129 Federal Uniform Drinking Age Act of 1984, 127 Feedback, 190–191 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 226 Firearms, 66, 129 US Treasury Department, 81 First Amendment, 37, 40 Fosdick, Raymond, 7, 33, 100–104, 218 Franchise regulations, 68 Connecticut, 68 FTC see Federal Trade Commission (FTC) G Gender, 190 Genetic factors, 118 Granholm v Heald, 42–46, 50–51, 67, 70–72 H Hanson, David J., 46 Heald v Engler, 40 Health, 87 information on Internet, 177 terrorism tyranny, 145 Health Belief Model, 184–186 Healthy People 2010, 177–178 Heavy drinkers illicit drugs, 126 smoking, 126 H.E.L.P (Hire Education for Liquor Permits), 203 Holcomb, Dwight, 204 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 31 Hoover, Herbert, 98 Hostetter v Idlewild Bon Voyage Liquor Corporation, 38 AU5463.indb 236 I Idaho revenue, 63 Illicit drugs, 126 Injuries, 125 Internet alcohol screening and prevention programs, 175–198 current research, 178 growth, 176–177 laws, 92 seeking health information, 177 Iowa revenue, 63 J Join Together Boston University, 178–179 Joseph Seagram Companies, 35, 37 K Kansas Liquor Control Act, 62 Keenen, Jack, 35 Kendall-Jackson Wine Estates, 35 Kennedy, Anthony, 42 Knight, John R., 183 Kuhn, Thomas, 42 L Laissez-faire economics, 42 Law enforcement on underage drinkers, 204–207 Laws see also Regulations drinking and driving, 83 enforcement of underage drinking, 204–207 minimum drinking, 23 state, 92–93 LBI see Licensed Beverage Industries (LBI) report Legal controls, 127 Legislation, 79–96 Leisy v Hardin, 43 Licensed Beverage Industries (LBI) report, 11 Licensing 10/5/07 1:49:28 PM Index  n  237 distribution systems, 60–70, 85 model, 11, 83 state, 62, 226–227 state boards, 221 wine, 40 Lifetime use, 89 Light wines and beers vs spirits, 220 Liquor authority plan, 222 Liquor control model, 207–211 recommendations, 218–223 retrospective, 217–232 Liquor Problem in its Legislative Aspects, 103 Liver disease in women, 122 failure, 26–27 Lost productivity, 27 Louisiana regulations, 65, 66 Low, Seth, 103 M MADD see Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) Market growth in beer, 13–14 segment states’ control, 34 Marketing alcoholic beverages, 31–56, 57–78 underage drinkers, 129 Massachusetts franchise regulations, 68 Mass communication, 131 Matter of Degree program, 168 McCormick and Co v Brown, 48 Media, 147 Medical expenses, 26–27 Megalaw web resources, 92 Mencken, H.L., 98 Merz, Charles, 99 Michigan direct to consumer sales, 70, 71 Minimum drinking law, 23 Misperceptions, 146–147 Moderate alcohol consumption, 119 Moderation, 106 Moderation League, 108 Monopolies, 226–227 Montana Liquor Control Act, 62 AU5463.indb 237 Montana Model of Social Norms Marketing, 149–151 baseline data, 150 evaluation, 151 implement campaign, 151 message development, 150 pilot test and refine materials, 151 planning and environmental advocacy, 149 Montana revenue, 63 Morbidity, 226 Mortality, 118, 160, 226 reduction, 25–26, 87 Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), 229 Multiple risk factors, 160 Municipal League, 105 N Nation, Carrie, 47 National Conference of State Liquor Administration, 107 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 90 online databases, 225 National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984, 163–164, 230 National Municipal League, 81 National Prohibition Act, 5, 99 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002) (NSDUH), 86, 89 Neurobiology of young people, 164–166 New Hampshire revenue, 63 New Jersey franchise regulations, 69 New temperance movement, 229 New York direct to consumer sales, 70, 71 New York State Liquor Board, 108 North Carolina franchise regulations, 69 NSDUH see National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2002) (NSDUH) O O’Connor, Sandra, 46, 47 Office of Management and Budget, 227 Ohio see also State of Ohio’s CODE 2000 Program 10/5/07 1:49:28 PM 238  n  Social and Economic Control of Alcohol underage drinking law enforcement, 204–207 Ohio Investigative Unit (OIU), 198–212 customer service, 206 implications, 211 Online databases National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 225 US Bureau of the Census, 227 Operation Fake Out, 212 Oregon direct to consumer sales, 70 Oregon’s Liquor Control Act, 62 P Peer norms, 130 Pennsylvania direct to consumer sales, 70 Perception-based prevention, 145–146, 146–148 Pernod Ricard, 35, 37 Personalized feedback, 190–191 Physiological model, 118 Policy, regulation, legislation, 79–96 Post-Prohibition regulations, Prevention models, 161–163 Prevention paradox, 165–166 Prevention programs on Internet, 175–198 Pricing changes sensitivity, 22–23 consumption, 88 controls, elasticity, 21–22 policies, 127 Productivity lost, 27 Prohibition, 6, 8, 219, 224 failure, 32–33, 59, 80 legacy, 218–219 repeal, 81, 141 Protestant churches, 219 Psychological theories, 118 Psychosis, alcoholic, 220 Public Law (107-110), 86 Purchase and sales of alcohol, 84 Puritans, 31–32, 46 alcohol control, AU5463.indb 238 R Racial groups, 123 Rational addiction, 22 Recommendations, adoption, and implementation, 224–230 Regional population density differences, 120 Regulations, 65, 79–96, 127 drinking and driving, 83 federal, 60 beer, wine, spirits, 86 web resources, 91 franchise, 68 by license or authority, 221–222 post-Prohibition, purchase and sale state, 84qqrc state, 61–63, 92–93 beer, wine, spirits, 82–85 trade practice, 62 Rehnquist, William, 46 Religious groups, 123, 219 Repeal program, 97–116 Revenues, 58, 63, 226–227 see also individual states Rhode Island model, Rhodes v Iowa, 44 Risk-taking, 124 adolescents, 124–125 Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, 179 Robinson-Patman Act (Anti-Chain Store Act), Rockefeller, John D., x, 59, 100, 103–104, 108, 141–142 Roosevelt, Franklin, 9, 81, 98, 105–106, 220 S Saitz, Richard, 178–179 Sales and marketing, 57–78 Sales of alcohol, 84 SAMHSA see Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) Scalia, Antonin, 46, 51 Scare tactics, 146 Schechter Poultry Corp vs United States, ix–x Science Panel on Interactive Communication and Health, 177 Scott, Albert L., 7, 33, 100–104, 218 10/5/07 1:49:28 PM Index  n  239 Scott v Donald, 43 Screening and prevention programs, 175–198 Self esteem, 125 Self-regulatory impairments, 118 Server training programs, 84 Seventeenth Amendment, 219 Sherman Antitrust Act, 8, 72 Sin taxes, 85 Smith, Adam, 42–43, 46, 50–51 Smoking, 126 Sober Truth, 204 Social controls, 127 Social cost, 13 Socialization theories, 118 Social norms, 130 campaign, 148–149 misperceptions, 143–144 Sociological and cultural influences, 117–138 Spirits federal regulations, 86 vs light wines and beers, 220 state regulations, 82–85 State alcohol control boards, 81 administrative change, 197–216 State Bd of Equalization of Cal v Young’s Market Co., 34 State control, 11–14 State laws, 92–93 State licensing boards, 221 State liquor authority plan, 222 State monopolies and licensing, 226–227 State of Ohio’s CODE 2000 Program, 198–203 customer-driven government, 202 international perspective, 201 reinventing public organizations, 200 State regulations, 61–63 beer, wine, spirits, 82–85 distribution systems, 83 Strategic responses, 127–128 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), 86 Suicide, 125 Sunday sales prohibitions, 32 Supplier consolidation, 35 Swedenburg v Kelly, 40 Sweepstakes regulations, 66 AU5463.indb 239 T Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), 59–60 Taxes, 19–30, 58, 84–85, 223 consumption, 88 policies, 127 sin, 85 Teenagers see Adolescents Temperance, 89–90, 105 new movement, 229 Texas sweepstakes regulations, 66 Thomas, Clarence, 46, 47, 48–49 Three-tiered system, 33, 37–38, 50–51, 140 Tied-house arrangements, 7, 11, 32–33, 59, 63–65 Tiernan v Rinker, 43 Tobacco, 66, 126, 129 US Treasury Department, 81 Top Ten of Everything, 14 Toward Liquor Control, 7, 10, 80–82, 100–104 perceptions, 141 recommendations, 218–219 Trade practice regulations, 62 TTB see Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB) Twenty first Amendment, 7, 37–45, 49, 71–72 adoption, 81 alcohol control, 8–10 U UDV, 35, 37 Underage drinkers, 228 international perspective, 201 law enforcement, 204–207 marketing to, 129 United Kingdom, University of Minnesota Alcohol Epidemiology Program, 82, 85 US Brewers Association, US Bureau of Census, 227 US Congress’ No Child Left Behind Act (PL 107-110), 86 US Constitutional alcohol law provisions, 91 US Department of Health and Human Services, 177 US Treasury Department, 81 10/5/07 1:49:28 PM 240  n  Social and Economic Control of Alcohol V Violence, 125 criminal, 87 Virginia direct to consumer sales, 70 Volstead Act (National Prohibition Act), 5, 99 W Walling v Michigan, 43 Warning labels, 128 Washington direct to consumer sales, 70 regulations, 66–67 Webb-Kenyon Act, 8, 44, 45, 47–49 Web sites see Internet Wechsler, Henry, 184 Williams, Roger, 31–32 Wilson Act, 43–44, 45, 48 Wine Institute of California, 70 Wineries, 64, 70 Wines federal regulations, 86 AU5463.indb 240 licenses, 40 vs spirits, 220 state regulations, 82–85 Wine & Spirits Wholesalers of America (WSWA), 71 Wired for Health and Well-Being, 177 Women, 121–122 alcohol elimination rate, 122 alcoholic liver disease, 122 binge drinkers, 184 cognitive impairment, 122 drinking alcohol, 225 driving under the influence, 124 Women’s Organization for National Prohibition Reform, 108 WSWA see Wine & Spirits Wholesalers of America (WSWA) Y Young adults see College students 10/5/07 1:49:28 PM ... explanation without intent to infringe Library of Congress Cataloging? ?in? ??Publication Data Jurkiewicz, Carole L., 1958‑ Social and economic control of alcohol : the 21st amendment in the 21st century /... consideration in England about the lack of price controls and sale of alcohol as a loss leader Many blame these “race to the bottom” pricing points for an increase in alcohol- related harm in the United Kingdom... 1933” (p 3) The industry’s successes from 1933 to 1968 include economic development (marketing) and the changing of public attitudes toward drink and drinking The continued growth of the industry,