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Essentials of Human Nutrition
Second Edition
Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug
dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product infor-
mation andclinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information
and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct
and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or
legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in
this work.
Essentials of Human
Nutrition
SECOND EDITION
Edited by
Jim Mann
Professor of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, New Zealand
A. Stewart Truswell
Professor of Human Nutrition, University of Sydney, Australia
1
3
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First edition published 1998
Reprinted 1999 (with corrections), 2000 (twice)
Second edition published 2002
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Preface to the Second Edition
We and our contributors are very pleased that Essentials of Human Nutrition has estab-
lished itself as a reliable and reader-friendly textbook for students embarking on courses
in human nutrition. It has been adopted as a human nutrition course textbook in sev-
eral countries, and has proven a useful reference work for medical students, doctors and
other health professionals requiring up-to-date, authoritative information on the role
of nutrition in human health.
Nutrition research and interpretations of it do not stand still. To ensure the infor-
mation remains as current as possible we and Oxford University Press have produced
this thoroughly revised and updated second edition, three years after the successful first
edition—something which is not possible with larger textbooks. All sections have been
revised and new chapters added, including one on the topical issue of Functional Foods.
This Second Edition has seven new contributors, with contributors coming from
Australia, Canada, Germany, The Netherlands, New Zealand, South Africa, and the
United Kingdom. We are very grateful to our contributors for their expertise and
cooperation.
Jim Mann
Stewart Truswell
November 2001
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Contributors xi
Acknowledgements xiv
Permissions xv
Dedication xix
1 Introduction 1
Stewart Truswell and Jim Mann
Part 1 Energy and macronutrients
2 Carbohydrates 11
Janette Brand-Miller
3 Lipids 31
Jim Mann and Murray Skeaff
4 Protein 55
Alan Jackson
5 Energy 79
Joop van Raaij
6 Alcohol 97
Stewart Truswell
Part 2 Organic and inorganic essential nutrients
7 Water, electrolytes and acid–base balance 113
James Robinson
8 Major minerals: calcium and magnesium 129
8.1 Calcium 129
Ailsa Goulding
8.2 Magnesium 141
Marion Robinson
9 Iron 145
Patrick MacPhail
10 Trace elements 159
10.1 Zinc 159
Samir Samman
viii CONTENTS
10.2 Copper 164
Samir Samman
10.3 Iodine 166
Christine Thomson
10.4 Selenium 172
Christine Thomson
10.5 Fluoride 181
Stewart Truswell and Marion Robinson
10.6 Ultratrace elements 186
Rosalind Gibson
11 Vitamin A and carotenoids 189
Clive West
12 The B vitamins 209
Stewart Truswell and Robyn Milne
13 Vitamins C and E 231
Murray Skeaff
14 Vitamins D and K 249
Stewart Truswell
15 Other biologically active substances in plant foods 259
Claus Leitzmann
Part 3 Nutrition-related disorders
16 Overweight and obesity 273
Ian Caterson
17 Protein-energy malnutrition 289
Stewart Truswell
18 Cardiovascular diseases 299
Jim Mann
19 Diet and cancer causation 335
Sheila Bingham
20 Diabetes mellitus 355
Jim Mann
21 The eating disorders: anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa 371
Christopher Fairburn
Part 4 Foods
22 Food groups 383
Margaret Allman-Farinelli
22.1 Breads and cereals 383
Trish Griffiths
CONTENTS
ix
22.2
Legumes 387
Sue Munro
22.3 Nuts and seeds 389
Sue Munro
22.4 Fruit 390
Stewart Truswell
22.5 Vegetables 392
22.6 Milk and milk products 394
Soumela Amanatidis
22.7 Meat and poultry 397
22.8 Fish 399
Samir Samman
22.9 Eggs 400
22.10 Fats and oils 401
Ron Bowrey
22.11 Fat replacers 404
22.12 Herbs and spices 405
Sue Munro
22.13 Sweeteners: nutritive and non-nutritive 407
Janette Brand-Miller
22.14 Food processing 408
Stewart Truswell
23 Food toxicity and safety 415
Peter Williams
Part 5 Nutritional assessment
24 Food analysis and food composition tables 435
Philippa Lyons-Wall
25 Dietary assessment 449
Rosalind Gibson
26 Determining nutritional status 467
Rosalind Gibson
Part 6 Life stages
27 Pregnancy and lactation 501
Patsy Watson and Clare Wall
28 Infant feeding 513
Donna Secker and Stanley Zlotkin
29 Childhood and adolescence 529
Cynthia Tuttle and Stewart Truswell
30 Sports nutrition 541
Louise Burke
x CONTENTS
31 Nutrition and ageing 551
Caroline Horwath
Part 7 Clinical and public health
32 Food habits 569
Helen Leach
33 Nutritional recommendations for the general population 577
Stewart Truswell
34 Nutrition promotion for communities 593
Judy Sheeshka
35 Dietary counselling 601
Paula Hunt
Part 8 Case studies
36 Nutritional consequences of poverty in developed countries 613
Winsome Parnell
37 Enteral and parenteral nutritional support 623
Madeleine Ball
38 Functional foods 633
Martijn Katan
Index 643
[...]... Medicine, Medical School, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa Jim I Mann, MA, DM, PhD, FRACP, FRSNZ Professor in Human Nutrition and Medicine, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Head of Endocrinology, Dunedin Hospital, Dunedin, New Zealand Robyn Milne, BSc (Hons), PhD Lecturer in Human Nutrition, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand... (Nutr), Grad Dip Diet Head of Department of Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce ACT, Australia Ian Caterson, MB, BS, PhD, FRACP Boden Professor of Human Nutrition, Human Nutrition Unit G08, University of Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia Christopher Fairburn, DM, MPhil, FRCPsych Wellcome Principal Research Fellow and Professor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United... Dietitian, Associate Professor, Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada C Murray Skeaff, BSc., PhD Senior Lecturer in Human Nutrition, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Christine D Thomson, MHSc, PhD Associate Professor, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand A Stewart... Registered Dietitian, Public Health Nutritionist, Independent Nutrition Consultant, Westwood Lodge, Wells Road, Ilkley, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom Alan A Jackson, MA, MD, FRCP, MRCPCH Professor of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, United Kingdom Martijn B Katan, PhD Wageningen Centre for Food Sciences and Division of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen... Associate Professor in Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Claus Leitzmann, BSc, MSc, PhD Professor of Human Nutrition, Institut f¨ r Ern¨ hrungswissenschaft, u a University of Giessen, Germany Philippa Lyons-Wall, PhD, Dip Nutr Diet Lecturer, Human Nutrition Unit G08, University of Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia A Patrick MacPhail, MB, BCh, PhD, FCP Professor of. .. New Zealand A Stewart Truswell, AO, MD, DSc, FRCP, FIUNS Professor of Human Nutrition, Human Nutrition Unit G08, University of Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia Cynthia R Tuttle, BSc, PhD, MPH Lecturer, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA Joop van Raaij, PhD Lecturer, Department of Human Nutrition, Wageningen Agricultural University, 6700 EV Wageningen,... BSc, MApplSci, PhD Senior Lecturer, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University Albany Campus, Auckland, New Zealand Patsy Watson, BHSc, MHSc Programme Leader in Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Albany Campus, Auckland, New Zealand Clive West, PhD, DSc Professor, Department of Human Nutrition and Epidemiology, Wageningen Agricultural... in Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia Stanley H Zlotkin, MD, PhD Professor, Departments of Paediatrics and of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto and Research Institute and Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada xiii Acknowledgements–2nd edition. .. New Zealand Janette C Brand-Miller, BSc, PhD Professor, Human Nutrition Unit G08, University of Sydney 2006 NSW, Australia Trish Griffiths, BSc, Dip Nutr Diet Nutrition Manager, Bread Research Institute, North Ryde 2113 NSW, Australia xii CONTRIBUTORS Caroline Horwath, BSc, PhD Senior Lecturer in Human Nutrition, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Paula Hunt, BSc... MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Welcome Trust/MRC Building, Cambridge, United Kingdom Rosalind S Gibson, BSc, MS, PhD Professor in Human Nutrition, Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand Ron Bowrey, BE, PhD Research Director, Meadow Lea Foods Ltd, Locked Bag 2222, North Ryde NSW 2113, Australia Ailsa Goulding, BSc, PhD Professorial Research Fellow, Department of Medicine, . misapplication of material in
this work.
Essentials of Human
Nutrition
SECOND EDITION
Edited by
Jim Mann
Professor of Human Nutrition, University of Otago,. Professor,
Department of Human Nutrition,
University of Otago,
Dunedin,
New Zealand
A. Stewart Truswell, AO, MD, DSc,
FRCP, FIUNS
Professor of Human Nutrition,
Human Nutrition
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