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The Transpersonal in
Psychology, Psychotherapy
and Counselling
Andrew Shorrock
October 4, 2007 14:24 MAC/TIPP Page-i 9780230_517769_01_previii
The Transpersonal in Psychology, Psychotherapy and
Counselling
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October 4, 2007 14:24 MAC/TIPP Page-iii 9780230_517769_01_previii
The Transpersonal in
Psychology, Psychotherapy
and Counselling
Andrew Shorrock
October 4, 2007 14:24 MAC/TIPP Page-iv 9780230_517769_01_previii
© Andrew Shorrock 2008
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
publication may be made without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted his right to be identified
as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2008 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
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175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
Companies and representatives throughout the world
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave
Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Macmillan is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom
and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European
Union and other countries.
ISBN-13: 9780230517769 hardback
ISBN-10: 0230517765 hardback
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Printed and bound in Great Britain by
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October 4, 2007 14:24 MAC/TIPP Page-v 9780230_517769_01_previii
With appreciation for all my friends, colleagues, and clients
without whom this book would not have been possible.
With deep love and gratitude to Antonella, whose tireless
encouragement and expertise supported the project moving
beyond the realm of ideas, and to Topaze and Virginia,
constant reminders of the wonder of life.
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Contents
1 Introduction 1
What to expect from this book 3
2 Definitions and a Potted History of Transpersonal
Psychology 6
The recognition of transpersonal psychology
by the medical model 14
Transpersonal psychology: religion with a psychological
spin? 20
An integrative/eclectic religious influence 20
Buddhism 21
The Jewish mystical tradition 23
Sufism 24
Spiritual counselling: religion through psychology? 25
Psychology critical of the transpersonal 27
Research and transpersonal psychology 34
3 The Philosophical Underpinnings of the Transpersonal 43
Introduction 43
The transpersonal viewpoint: is it psychology, philosophy
or perhaps naivety and fancy let loose? 45
The four forces of psychology 49
The second force of psychology 50
Evolutionary psychology 64
The first force of psychology 67
Neurolinguistic programming and life coaching 71
The third force of psychology 75
Existential psychology 81
The psychology of religion 88
Widening the net, moving beyond psychology 92
Bringing together East and West 93
Mysticism’s contribution 94
Consciousness research 97
The new sciences 106
The quantum perspective 106
vii
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viii Contents
The quantum self 108
Jung, post-Jungians and quantum effects 109
The holographic model 112
Philosophy 117
Consciousness research method or madness 119
The philosophy of science 122
Social constructionism 128
Coming full circle: an ending at the beginning 130
A summation of the underpinnings of transpersonal
psychology 130
4 Transpersonal Theories 144
Maurice Bucke 146
C. G. Jung 149
Alberto Assagioli and psychosynthesis 155
Functions of the personality 161
The will 162
Assagioli’s ten psychological laws 162
Sub-personalities 164
Psychosynthesis today 167
Victor Frankl 170
Ken Wilber and integral psychology 171
John Nelson 180
Michael Washburn 182
Stanislav Grof 187
Hameed Ali and the diamond approach 194
Isabel Clarke and the discontinuity model 200
Conclusions 206
5 The Application of Transpersonal Thinking 208
Introduction 208
Spiritual emergence and spiritual emergency 218
Conclusion 229
Bibliography 232
Author Index 246
Subject Index 250
October 4, 2007 14:29 MAC/TIPP Page-1 9780230_517769_02_cha01
1
Introduction
In my professional life I have been asked many times the simple
question: What is transpersonal psychology, counselling or psycho-
therapy?
The answer is straightforward: it is a broad transcultural theory of
human nature that posits that human beings are more than physical and
psychological beings, with some form of spirituality being a reasonable
bet. Oh, and by the way, it is also a discrete field of study that could be
conceived as having had about 40 years of academic recognition. Not
surprisingly, this off-the-cuff response never seems to be enough, and
commonly leads onto many more questions, ones that whilst seeking a
deeper elaboration, reveal the questioners’ theoretical assumptions and
their beliefs, not just about the helping professions, but also their under-
standing of the world. These further questions may cover a wide range
of topics and could include diverse areas such as spirituality, paranormal
experience, religion in its many variants, cults, psychopathology and
philosophy. These then lead onto even more questions, and for the
polite or genuinely interested, they can take three different directions:
a. The questioner wants to posit even more complex questions and
possible answers from yet more diverse fields
b. The questioner’s eyes glaze over with therapist’s hmm hmms
c. The questioner suggests to go for a coffee or (hopefully) a beer as
they want to tell me about an experience that they had when
All of this may hint at the complex nature of the beast, as well as,
I suspect, that spirituality is for many an area that brings strong feelings
and associations. Moreover, to add further complexity for the clinician,
as well as the interested layperson, the literature that explores the field
1
[...]... ambivalence; therefore, to aid the understanding of the field I found it necessary to look behind the theories to find those bodies of knowledge that underpin or inform their claims Having 4 Transpersonal in Psychology, Psychotherapy and Counselling done so this then makes it possible to gain a deeper understanding of the work of the thinkers who claim to be transpersonal theorists, which in turn allows... approach to understand what transpersonal psychotherapy is Instead of concentrating upon transpersonal as phenomena, he seeks 14 Transpersonal in Psychology, Psychotherapy and Counselling instead to reveal how transpersonal psychotherapists differ from other practitioners His findings reveal that transpersonally orientated therapists utilize all four forces of psychology to define themselves and tend to be... tradition, and an important aspect of which is the Kabala According to Jewish thinking, within the Kabala a map can be found that charts and gives terminology to inner states and transpersonal realms It is claimed that it can be used to help individuals towards the balance and integration of spiritual and everyday consciousness in all areas of their life 24 Transpersonal in Psychology, Psychotherapy and Counselling. .. phenomena are presented The final chapter naturally moves from the ‘what-is’ to the ‘how you apply the diverse theoretical models’; it moves from questions exploring what transpersonal psychology is and the field’s theoretical underpinnings to a portrayal of how the diverse theoretical models are applied in the clinical setting And once again, as in all things related to transpersonal psychology, no approach... potential for confusion and misunderstanding that can arise when examining the two fields, I wish to return to the psychological standpoint Psychology critical of the transpersonal Whilst many of the thinkers who are presented within this work support, or at the least are not antagonistic towards, the inclusion of the transpersonal in psychological thinking, there are some influential thinkers who see it... shaving your head begging for alms and wearing red robes is considered the norm in some neighbourhoods, and more than eccentric in others And making promises and begging for favour from an unseen super-being and regularly attending meetings in medieval buildings is also the norm in some parts of town With such a broad canvas this then gives me, as a clinician, great scope; yet, as a self-proclaimed transpersonal. .. Psychology, Psychotherapy and Counselling misunderstanding the relationship that transpersonal psychology has to counselling within religious framework I therefore place in context the essential differences between the two fields ‘Spiritual counselling has its own rich tradition and can be grouped into three distinct categories: • Spiritual direction, which is concerned with helping an individual work with the. .. Although they do equate spirituality with the definitions that I have 18 Transpersonal in Psychology, Psychotherapy and Counselling claimed for the transpersonal, examining their literature the influence of major religions, without taking centre stage, has a greater focus Regardless of semantic debate, within the medical profession it is not only bodies such as the American Psychiatric Association and the. .. emergencies’), psychedelic therapy, hypnosis, experiential psychotherapy, and near-death situations (NDE) (Boorstein, 1996, p 44) 10 Transpersonal in Psychology, Psychotherapy and Counselling Continuing and speaking of the legitimacy of transpersonal orientation he points out that many professionals refuse to accept that the transpersonal orientation represents a legitimate scientific endeavour They dismiss it... practice, and believe that such experiences are important They have had training in transpersonal psychology and believe that spiritual issues are relevant to psychotherapy (p 167) Having briefly related some of the many definitions of the field and identified key areas of interest cannot fully answer the question posed at the start of this book, as for many the ‘proof of the pudding is in the eating’ . 9780230_517769_02_cha01
4 Transpersonal in Psychology, Psychotherapy and Counselling
done so this then makes it possible to gain a deeper understanding of the
work of the thinkers. use the
terms transpersonal psychotherapy and transpersonal psychology and
transpersonal counselling interchangeably. I also in the same manner
use clinician,
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