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Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za
EDITED BY ADAM HABIB & KRISTINA BENTLEY
Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za
Published by HSRC Press
Private Bag X9182, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
www.hsrcpress.ac.za
First published 2008
ISBN 978-0-7969-2189-5
© 2008 Human Sciences Research Council
The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not
necessarily reflect the views or policies of the Human Sciences Research Council
(‘the Council’) or indicate that the Council endorses the views of the authors. In
quoting from this publication, readers are advised to attribute the source of the
information to the individual author concerned and not to the Council.
Copyedited by Lisa Treffry-Goatley
Typeset by Stacey Gibson
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CONTENTS
List of tables and figures vii
List of acronyms ix
Preface xi
Section 1 Debating the concepts and analysing the statistics
Chapter 1 Racial redress, national identity and citizenship in
post-apartheid South Africa
3
Kristina Bentley and Adam Habib
Chapter 2 Counting on ‘race’: what the surveys say (and do not say)
about ‘race’ and redress
33
Steven Friedman and Zimitri Erasmus
Section 2 Case studies from the public service, the economy,
education and sport
The public service
Chapter 3 Affirmative action in the public service
77
Mcebisi Ndletyana
Chapter 4 Assessing racial redress in the public service
99
Vinothan Naidoo
Chapter 5 Set-up for failure: racial redress in the Department of
Public Service and Administration
129
Ivor Chipkin
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The economy
Chapter 6 Affirmative action and cosmopolitan citizenship in
South Africa
153
Geoffrey Modisha
Chapter 7 New patterns of exclusion in the South African
mining industry
179
Andries Bezuidenhout
Chapter 8 Transformation in small, medium and micro enterprises
209
Diana Sanchez
Education
Chapter 9 The meaning of racial redress in South African schools,
1994 to 2006
230
Linda Chisholm
Chapter 10 Race, redress and historically black universities
263
Seán Morrow
Sport
Chapter 11 Sport for all: exploring the boundaries of sport and citizenship
in ‘liberated’ South Africa
289
Ashwin Desai and Dhevarsha Ramjettan
Chapter 12 Citizenship and cosmopolitanism: football in South Africa
314
Ashwin Desai
Section 3: Conclusion
Chapter 13 An alternative framework for redress and citizenship 337
Kristina Bentley and Adam Habib
List of contributors
355
Index 357
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vii
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
TABLES
Table 4.1: Public service organisation and employment, 1993 101
Table 4.2: Racial composition of central government, provincial
administrations and self-governing ‘states’, 1989 102
Table 4.3: Demographic targets for the public service at management level 105
Table 4.4: Comparison of apartheid-period and post-apartheid public
service departments and administration 118
Table 4.5: Mobility of senior managers in the public service, 1998–2002 120
Table 4.6: Ratio of senior managers to subordinates (national and
provincial levels), 2006 121
Table 4.7: Senior management vacancy in selected national government
departments 122
Table 4.8: Senior management vacancy rate compared with changes in post
establishments, 2004–06 123
Table 5.1: Ratio of managers to other staff in DPSA 142
Table 5.2: Ratio of African managers to other staff in DPSA 143
Table 6.1: Profile of the formally employed by race and gender, 2006 162
Table 6.2: The profile of economically active population by race and
gender, 2004 162
Table 6.3: Changes at top management level, 2000–04 167
Table 6.4: Unemployment trends among the economically active
by population group and sex (expanded definition of
unemployment), 2001 and 2004 172
Table 7.1: Externalisation in the South African mining industry by
sector, 2005 191
Table 7.2: Externalisation in the South African mining industry by
province, 2005 192
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viii
Table 8.1: State-owned development agencies 216
Table 8.2: Qualification levels for small enterprises 220
Table 8.3: Scorecard for qualifying small enterprises 220
Table 11.1: Demographic profiles in cricket in 2002 and numbers required
for equity 307
FIGURES
Figure 4.1: Racial breakdown of managers in the public service, 1995–2001 109
Figure 4.2: Public servant managers at all levels, by race, as percentage of
total managers, 1995–2001 110
Figure 4.3: Aggregate racial composition of the public service, 2004–06 111
Figure 4.4: Africans as a percentage of occupational categories in the public
service, 2004–06 112
Figure 4.5: Africans as a percentage of occupational categories in the wider
economy, 2004–05 113
Figure 4.6: Senior management in the public service by gender, 2004–06 114
Figure 4.7: Middle management in the public service by gender, 2004–06 114
Figure 4.8: Gender representation in provincial government, 2006 115
Figure 4.9: Gender representation in national government, 2006 115
Figure 4.10: Senior management mobility by race, 1998–2002 121
Figure 5.1: Senior managers by province and national departments 141
Figure 6.1: Percentage of employed workers by occupational category and
race, 2006 163
Figure 6.2: Percentage of employed workers by occupational category and
gender, 2006 164
Figure 6.3: Proportion of recruited workers by occupational category and
race, 2006 165
Figure 6.4: Proportion of recruited workers by occupational category and
gender, 2006 166
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ix
LIST OF ACRONYMS
ANC African National Congress
BEE black economic empowerment
CRL Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of
Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities
BEC Black Empowerment Commission
CEE Commission for Employment Equity
Cosatu Congress of South African trade unions
DoL Department of Labour
DPSA Department of Public Service and Administration
DoSD Department of Social Development
DTI Department of Trade and Industry
EEA Employment Equity Act
EEC Employment Equity Commission
GDP gross domestic product
GNU Government of National Unity
HDI historically disadvantaged institution
HRC Human Rights Commission
HSRC Human Sciences Research Council
IJR Institute for Justice and Reconciliation
NSA National Skills Authority
NSDS National Skills Development Strategy
PCAS Policy Co-ordination and Advisory Services
PDI previously disadvantaged individual
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x
PERSAL personnel and salary information system (DPSA)
PRC Presidential Review Commission
PSC Public Service Commission
SGB School Governing Body
RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme
SACN South African Cities Network
SAIRR South African Institute of Race Relations
SASAS South African Social Attitudes Survey
SDA Skills Development Act
SMME small, medium and micro enterprise
UFH University of Fort Hare
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
WPTPS White Paper on the Transformation of the Public Service
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[...]... understanding the redress programme in South Africa 17 RACIAL REDRESS & CITIZENSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za THE IMPLEMENTATION AND CONSEQUENCES OF REDRESS IN SOUTH AFRICA Which of these comparative experiences are playing themselves out in South Africa? Clearly redress has been under way in South Africa for more than a decade Is this redress initiative an example of civic or ethnic... these experiences is reflected in the implementation of redress since 1994? An answer to this question requires both a summary of the implementation of redress in South Africa and an assessment of its consequences 19 Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za RACIAL REDRESS & CITIZENSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA The South African government’s implementation of redress has involved three distinct elements First, a significant... these lessons to be applied in a social context marked by economic inequality, which itself is a historical product of racial dispossession? After all, economic inequality is likely to continuously undermine any nation-building initiative The answer lies in recognising the necessity of redress In South Africa s case, for instance, black people, and the African majority in particular, have for over... to much of the world including the USA and western Europe And it is a debate that has become all the more urgent internationally given the ‘war 3 RACIAL REDRESS & CITIZENSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za against terror’ and the inroads into civil liberties that have been made in the West in the name of security The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act No 108 of... reflections are finally brought together in a concluding section which, through an analysis of the contemporary literature on race, class and redress in South Africa, defines a set of research questions that serve as the foundation of the empirical chapters in this book CITIZENSHIP NATION BUILDING AND DEMOCRACY , Identity in South Africa is a complicated matter The most obvious vector of identity in any country... was hugely successful in reducing unemployment rates overall Nevertheless, it is worth noting that its beneficiaries were mainly the indigenous Malays Indeed, for the Chinese and Indian Malays, unemployment actually increased Lam and Yeoh also argue that the NEP dichotomised Malaysia into Bumiputra and non-Bumiputra, resulting in a massive emigration of, in particular, the Malay Chinese population, with... may be’ (Mamdani 2001: 661) It is choice and consciousness that defines one as a South African A person is a South African because they want to be a South African – they live here and see this as home People describe themselves as South Africans to the outside world by carrying this country’s passport and holding its citizenship South Africanness is an identity constructed by political choice, even though... studies on South Africa, racial terminology and its uses became an issue of debate and reflection in the research and editorial processes of the production of this volume ‘Black’ is officially defined in the South African legislation as being inclusive of African, coloured, and Indian people After much deliberation, it was decided to use the lower case for black, coloured and white when used in relation... a racial, ethnic, or cultural group, but rather on more objective criteria such as the full realisation of citizenship 15 RACIAL REDRESS & CITIZENSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA Free download at www.hsrcpress.ac.za The most well-known African example of the implementation of this redress model is Tanzania Miguel, in a comparative study of public policy in Tanzania and Kenya, identifies a number of key policy interventions... communities of struggle in the pursuit of a single nation (Taylor 2002: 85–88) The liberation movement was largely successful in challenging the notion of racialised nations In myriads of ways this was done, and it eroded the very foundations of the apartheid project The challenge, however, has changed in post-apartheid South Africa South Africans are no longer in the struggle to undermine the apartheid . www.hsrcpress.ac.za
RACIAL REDRESS & CITIZENSHIP IN SOUTH AFRICA
4
against terror’ and the inroads into civil liberties that have been made in the
West in the. and cosmopolitan citizenship in
South Africa
153
Geoffrey Modisha
Chapter 7 New patterns of exclusion in the South African
mining industry
179
Andries
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