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Making Games with
Python & Pygame
By Al Sweigart
Email questions to the author: al@inventwithpython.com
Copyright © 2012 by Albert Sweigart
Some Rights Reserved. ―Making Games with Python & Pygame‖) is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 United States License.
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This summary is located here: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/us/
Your fair use and other rights are in no way affected by the above. There is a human-readable
summary of the Legal Code (the full license), located here:
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Book Version 2
If you've downloaded this book from a torrent, it’s probably out of date. Go
to http://inventwithpython.com/pygame to download the latest version.
ISBN (978-1469901732)
1st Edition
For Calvin Chaos
Email questions to the author: al@inventwithpython.com
Who is this book for? i
WHO IS THIS BOOK FOR?
When you get down to it, programming video games is just about lighting up pixels to make
pretty pictures appear on the screen in response to keyboard and mouse input.
And there are very few things that are as fun.
This book will teach you how to make graphical computer games in the Python programming
language using the Pygame library. This book assumes you know a little bit about Python or
programming in general. If you don’t know how to program, you can learn by downloading the
free book ―Invent Your Own Computer Games with Python‖ from http://inventwithpython.com.
Or you can jump right into this book and mostly pick it up along the way.
This book is for the intermediate programmer who has learned what variables and loops are, but
now wants to know, ―What do actual game programs look like?‖ There was a long gap after I first
learned programming but didn’t really know how to use that skill to make something cool. It’s
my hope that the games in this book will give you enough ideas about how programs work to
provide a foundation to implement your own games.
The full text of this book is available in HTML or PDF format at
http://inventwithpython.com/pygame.
-Al Sweigart
ii http://inventwithpython.com/pygame
Email questions to the author: al@inventwithpython.com
ABOUT THIS BOOK
Hello! This book will teach you how to make graphical computer games with the Pygame
framework (also called the Pygame library) in the Python programming language. Pygame makes
it easy to create programs with 2D graphics. Both Python and the Pygame framework can be
downloaded for free from http://python.org and http://pygame.org. All you need is a computer
and this book to begin making your own games.
This book is an intermediate programming book. If you are completely new to programming,
you can still try to follow along with the source code examples and figure out how programming
works. However, it might be easier to learn how to program in Python first. ―Invent Your Own
Computer Games with Python‖ is a book that is available completely for free from
http://inventwithpython.com. That book teaches programming by making non-graphical, text-
based games for complete beginners, and also has a few chapters about using the Pygame library.
However, if you already know how to program in Python (or even some other language, since
Python is so easy to pick up) and want to start making games beyond just text, then this is the
book for you. The book starts with a short introduction to how the Pygame library works and the
functions it provides. Then it provides the complete source code for some actual games and
explains how the code works, so you can understand how actual game programs make use of
Pygame.
This book features seven different games that are clones of popular games that you’ve probably
already played. The games are a lot more fun and interactive than the text-based games in ―Invent
with Python‖, but are still fairly short. All of the programs are less than 600 lines long. This is
pretty small when you consider that professional games you download or buy in a store can be
hundreds of thousands of lines long. These games require an entire team of programmers and
artists working with each other for months or years to make.
The website for this book is http://inventwithpython.com/pygame. All the programs and files
mentioned in this book can be downloaded for free from this website, including this book itself.
Programming is a great creative activity, so please share this book as widely as possible. The
Creative Commons license that this book is released under gives you the right to copy and
duplicate this book as much as you want (as long as you don’t charge money for it).
If you ever have questions about how these programs work, feel free to email me at
al@inventwithpython.com.
About This Book iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Who is this book for? i
About This Book ii
Chapter 1 – Installing Python and Pygame 1
What You Should Know Before You Begin 1
Downloading and Installing Python 1
Windows Instructions 1
Mac OS X Instructions 2
Ubuntu and Linux Instructions 2
Starting Python 2
Installing Pygame 3
How to Use This Book 4
The Featured Programs 4
Downloading Graphics and Sound Files 4
Line Numbers and Spaces 4
Text Wrapping in This Book 5
Checking Your Code Online 6
More Info Links on http://invpy.com 6
Chapter 2 – Pygame Basics 7
GUI vs. CLI 7
Source Code for Hello World with Pygame 7
Setting Up a Pygame Program 8
Game Loops and Game States 10
pygame.event.Event Objects 11
The QUIT Event and pygame.quit() Function 12
Pixel Coordinates 13
iv http://inventwithpython.com/pygame
Email questions to the author: al@inventwithpython.com
A Reminder About Functions, Methods, Constructor Functions, and Functions in Modules (and
the Difference Between Them) 14
Surface Objects and The Window 15
Colors 16
Transparent Colors 17
pygame.Color Objects 18
Rect Objects 18
Primitive Drawing Functions 20
pygame.PixelArray Objects 23
The pygame.display.update() Function 24
Animation 24
Frames Per Second and pygame.time.Clock Objects 27
Drawing Images with pygame.image.load() and blit() 28
Fonts 28
Anti-Aliasing 30
Playing Sounds 31
Summary 32
Chapter 3 – Memory Puzzle 33
How to Play Memory Puzzle 33
Nested for Loops 33
Source Code of Memory Puzzle 34
Credits and Imports 42
Magic Numbers are Bad 42
Sanity Checks with assert Statements 43
Telling If a Number is Even or Odd 44
Crash Early and Crash Often! 44
Making the Source Code Look Pretty 45
Using Constant Variables Instead of Strings 46
Making Sure We Have Enough Icons 47
Tuples vs. Lists, Immutable vs. Mutable 47
About This Book v
One Item Tuples Need a Trailing Comma 48
Converting Between Lists and Tuples 49
The global statement, and Why Global Variables are Evil 49
Data Structures and 2D Lists 51
The ―Start Game‖ Animation 52
The Game Loop 52
The Event Handling Loop 53
Checking Which Box The Mouse Cursor is Over 54
Handling the First Clicked Box 55
Handling a Mismatched Pair of Icons 56
Handling If the Player Won 56
Drawing the Game State to the Screen 57
Creating the ―Revealed Boxes‖ Data Structure 58
Creating the Board Data Structure: Step 1 – Get All Possible Icons 58
Step 2 – Shuffling and Truncating the List of All Icons 59
Step 3 – Placing the Icons on the Board 59
Splitting a List into a List of Lists 60
Different Coordinate Systems 61
Converting from Pixel Coordinates to Box Coordinates 62
Drawing the Icon, and Syntactic Sugar 63
Syntactic Sugar with Getting a Board Space’s Icon’s Shape and Color 64
Drawing the Box Cover 64
Handling the Revealing and Covering Animation 65
Drawing the Entire Board 66
Drawing the Highlight 67
The ―Start Game‖ Animation 67
Revealing and Covering the Groups of Boxes 68
The ―Game Won‖ Animation 68
Telling if the Player Has Won 69
vi http://inventwithpython.com/pygame
Email questions to the author: al@inventwithpython.com
Why Bother Having a main() Function? 69
Why Bother With Readability? 70
Summary, and a Hacking Suggestion 74
Chapter 4 – Slide Puzzle 77
How to Play Slide Puzzle 77
Source Code to Slide Puzzle 77
Second Verse, Same as the First 85
Setting Up the Buttons 86
Being Smart By Using Stupid Code 87
The Main Game Loop 88
Clicking on the Buttons 89
Sliding Tiles with the Mouse 90
Sliding Tiles with the Keyboard 90
―Equal To One Of‖ Trick with the in Operator 91
WASD and Arrow Keys 91
Actually Performing the Tile Slide 92
IDLE and Terminating Pygame Programs 92
Checking for a Specific Event, and Posting Events to Pygame’s Event Queue 92
Creating the Board Data Structure 93
Not Tracking the Blank Position 94
Making a Move by Updating the Board Data Structure 94
When NOT to Use an Assertion 95
Getting a Not-So-Random Move 96
Converting Tile Coordinates to Pixel Coordinates 97
Converting from Pixel Coordinates to Board Coordinates 97
Drawing a Tile 97
The Making Text Appear on the Screen 98
Drawing the Board 99
Drawing the Border of the Board 99
[...]... Computer Games with Python online at http://inventwithpython.com or look up a topic that you find confusing on the Invent with Python wiki at http://inventwithpython.com/wiki You don’t need to know how to use the Pygame library before reading this book The next chapter is a brief tutorial on all of Pygame s major features and functions Just in case you haven’t read the first book and already installed Python. .. install is finished, click Finish Mac OS X Instructions Mac OS X 10.5 comes with Python 2.5.1 pre-installed by Apple Currently, Pygame only supports Python 2 and not Python 3 However, the programs in this book work with both Python 2 and 3 The Python website also has some additional information about using Python on a Mac at http://docs .python. org/dev/using/mac.html Ubuntu and Linux Instructions Pygame. .. and install the newer Pygame For Mac OS X, download the zip or dmg file for the version of Python you have and run it For Linux, open a terminal and run ―sudo apt-get install python- pygame On Windows, double click on the downloaded file to install Pygame To check that Pygame is install correctly, type the following into the interactive shell: >>> import pygame 4 http://inventwithpython.com /pygame If... functions dealing with graphics, sound, and other features that Pygame provides are in the pygame module Note that when you import the pygame module you automatically import all the modules that are in the pygame module as well, such as pygame. images and pygame. mixer.music There’s no need to import these modules-inside-modules with additional import statements 2 from pygame. locals import * Line 2 is also... in the pygame. locals module without pygame. locals in front of them For all other modules, you generally want to use the regular import modulename format (There is more information about why you want to do this at http://invpy.com/namespaces.) 4 pygame. init() Line 4 is the pygame. init() function call, which always needs to be called after importing the pygame module and before calling any other Pygame. .. maximum recursion depth exceeded xiv http://inventwithpython.com /pygame Email questions to the author: al@ inventwithpython.com Chapter 1 – Installing Python and Pygame 1 CHAPTER 1 – INSTALLING PYTHON AND PYGAME What You Should Know Before You Begin It might help if you know a bit about Python programming (or how to program in another language besides Python) before you read through this book; however... you first run IDLE is called the interactive shell A shell is a program that lets you type instructions into the computer The Python shell lets you type Python instructions, and the shell sends these instructions to the Python interpreter to perform Installing Pygame Pygame does not come with Python Like Python, Pygame is available for free You will have to download and install Pygame, which is as easy... from pygame. locals import * form of the import statement, we only have to type QUIT instead of pygame. locals.QUIT If the Event object is a quit event, then the pygame. quit() and sys.exit() functions are called The pygame. quit() function is sort of the opposite of the pygame. init() function: it runs code that deactivates the Pygame library Your programs should always call pygame. quit() before they call... the Python language Without the interpreter, your computer won't be able to run your Python programs We'll just refer to ―the Python interpreter‖ as Python from now on The Python interpreter software can be downloaded from the official website of the Python programming language, http://www .python. org You might want the help of someone else to download and install the Python software The installation... Ubuntu and Linux Instructions Pygame for Linux also only supports Python 2, not Python 3 If your operating system is Ubuntu, you can install Python by opening a terminal window (from the desktop click on Applications > Accessories > Terminal) and entering ―sudo apt-get install python2 .7‖ then pressing Enter You will need to enter the root password to install Python, so ask the person who owns the computer .
Making Games with
Python & Pygame
By Al Sweigart
Email questions to the author: al@ inventwithpython.com. 2012 by Albert Sweigart
Some Rights Reserved. Making Games with Python & Pygame ) is licensed under a Creative
Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share
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