[...]... Equation M.2 The Ratio of Input to Output Areas for the Concentrator M.3 Proof That Extreme Rays Intersect at the Exit Aperture Rim M.4 Another Proof of the Sine Relation for Skew Rays M.5 The Frequency Distribution of h 485 485 486 488 489 490 Index 493 PREFACE This book is the successor to High Collection Nonimaging Optics, published by Academic Press in 1989, and Optics of Nonimaging Concentrators,... and R Winston Walter Welford was one of the most distinguished optical scientists of his time His work on aberration theory remains the definitive contribution to the subject From 1976 until his untimely death in 1990, he took on the elucidation of nonimaging optics with the same characteristic vigor and enthusiasm he had applied to imaging optics As a result, nonimaging optics developed from a set of. .. years RW JCM PB NS JB Photograph of W T Welford (courtesy of Jacqueline Welford) xi 1 NONIMAGING OPTICAL SYSTEMS AND THEIR USES 1.1 NONIMAGING COLLECTORS Nonimaging concentrators and illuminators have several actual and some potential applications, but it is best to explain the general concept of a nonimaging concentrator by highlighting one of its applications; its use of solar energy The radiation power... the system for a given type of detector increases with the surface area of the detector (other things being equal) 6 Chapter 1 Nonimaging Optical Systems and Their Uses Another type of application was to the optics of visual receptors It has been noted (Winston and Enoch, 1971) that the cone receptors in the human retina have a shape corresponding approximately to that of a nonimaging concentrator designed... have n¢ 2 dx¢ dy¢ dL¢ dM ¢ = n2 dx dy dL dM (2.8) The proof of this theorem depends on other concepts in geometrical optics that we do not need in this book We have therefore given proof in Appendix A, where references to other proofs of it can also be found The physical meaning of Eq (2.8) is that it gives the changes in the rays of a beam of a certain size and angular extent as it passes through... imageforming optical systems but with very large aberrations The development of the designs of these concentrators and the study of their properties have led to a range of new ideas and theorems in geometrical optics In order to facilitate the development of these ideas, it is necessary to recapitulate some basic principles of geometrical optics, which is done in Chapter 2 In Chapter 3, we look at what can... point of incidence, a problem of geometry involving the direction of the incoming ray and 2.2 Formulation of the Ray-Tracing Procedure 9 Figure 2.3 The stages in ray tracing a reflection (a) Find the point of incidence P (b) Find the normal at P (c) Apply Eq (2.1) to find the reflected ray r≤ the known shape of the surface Then we have to find the normal at the point of incidence—again a problem of geometry... ELEMENTARY PROPERTIES OF IMAGE-FORMING OPTICAL SYSTEMS In principle, the use of ray tracing tells us all there is to know about the geometrical optics of a given optical system, image forming or not However, ray tracing alone is of little use for inventing new systems having properties suitable for a given purpose We need to have ways of describing the properties of optical systems in terms of general performance,... supposing rays out of the plane of the diagram to be included), which would be a surface of constant phase of the light waves if we were thinking in terms of the wave theory of light.4 We call it a geometrical wave front, or simply a wave front, and we can construct wave fronts at all distances along the bundle of rays from O We now introduce a principle that is not so intuitive as the laws of reflection... method of design called Simultaneous Multiple Surfaces (SMS) method, which is the newest and is more powerful for high concentration/collimation applications Nonimaging is not the opposite of imaging Chapter 9 shows imaging applications of nonimaging designs Sometimes 1.2 Definition of the Concentration Ratio; the Theoretical Maximum 3 the performance of some devices is theoretically limited by the use of . class="bi x0 y0 w0 h0" alt="" NONIMAGING OPTICS