CARBON ALLOYS NOVEL CONCEPTS TO DEVELOP CARBON SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY E. YASUDA, M. INAGAKI, K. KANEKO, 0, A. OYA & Y. TAN ELSEVIER CARBON ALLOYS Novel Concepts to Develop Carbon Science and Technology Elsevier Science Internet Homepage - http:/hvww.elsevier.com Consult the Elscvier homepage for full catalogue information on all books, journals and electronic products and scrvices. Related JournalslProduets Free specimen cryygladly sent on request. Elsevier Science Ltd, The Boulevard. 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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record from the British Library has been applied for. ISBN: 0 08 044163 7 @ The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of ANSIMISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Printed in The Netherlands. V Contents Preface xiii Part 1 . Introduction Chapter 1 . Introduction 3 1 AShortHistory 3 2 CarbonFamily 5 3 CarbonAlloys 9 References 11 Ei-ichi Yasuda and Michio Inagaki Part 2 . Space Control in Carbon Alloys Chapter 2 . Hybrid Orbital Control in Carbon Alloys 15 Hybridization in a Carbon Atom 15 2 Defect StatesandModificationsof theHybridization 27 Spectroscopies for sp” Structure 33 4 Conclusions 38 References 38 Atomic and Molecular Scales 41 1 . Introduction 41 2 . Intercalation Compounds 42 Insertion of Li Ions into the Disordered Carbon Materials 44 4 Substitution of Heteroatoms 46 5 Metal-doped Fullerenes 49 Metal-doped Carbon Nanotubes 50 7 Conclusions 54 Chapter 4 . Surface and Hidden Surface-controlled Carbon Alloys 57 Materials 57 Carbon Structure of Superhigh Surface Area 64 Design of Hidden Surfaces with Alloying 65 Riichiro Saito 1 3 Chapter 3 . Structural Design and Functions of Carbon Materials by Alloying in Morinobu Endo. Takuya Hayashi, YoongAhm Kim. Hiroaki Ohta and Sung Wha Hong 3 6 References 54 Katsumi Kaneko 1 2 3 Importance of Hidden Surfaces and Confined Spaces in Carbon vi Contents 4 5 Properties of Hidden Surface- or Pore Space-alloyed Carbons 68 Design of New Porous Carbon with Carbon Alloying Technique 76 References 77 Chapter 5 . Control of Interface and Microstructure in Carbon Alloys 83 1 Introduction 83 2 Interface Control 85 3 Microstructure Control 89 4 Conclusion 93 References 93 Yasuhiro Tanabe and Ei-ichi Yasuda Part 3 . Typical Carbon Alloys and Processing Chapter 6 . Intercalation Compounds 99 1 Introduction 99 Li-insertion into Carbon Materials 100 Carbon Materials 103 Alkali Metals 104 Boehmite with Layered Structure 105 6 Conclusion 105 References 106 Chapter 7 . Porous Carbon 109 1 Introduction 109 Control of Pore Structure 110 Performance of Advanced Porous Carbon 118 4 Conclusions. 123 References 124 Noboru Akzuawa 2 3 4 5 New Intercalation Compounds Prepared from Unique Host Host Effect on the lntercalation of Halogen Molecules and Physical Properties of MC1,. GICs and Alkyl Derivative of Takashi Kyotani 2 3 Chapter 8 . Polymer Blend Technique €or Designing Carbon Materials 129 Asao @a 2 . 3 5 1 . Introduction 129 Porous Carbon Materials 129 4 Carbon Nanofibers and Carbon Nanotubes 133 Other Fibrous Carbon Materials with Unique Shapes 139 6 Conclusions 141 References 141 Preferential Support of Metal Particles on Pore Surface 131 Part 4 . The Latest Characterization Techniques Chapter 9 . Computer Simulations 145 Shinji Tsuneyuki 1 Methods., 145 vii 2 Applications 150 3 Conclusions 156 References 156 Chapter 10 . X-ray Diffraction Methods to Study Crystallite Size and Lattice Constants of Carbon Materials 161 1 . Introduction 161 Measurement Method (JSPS Method) 162 Temperatures 170 References 173 Scattering 175 1 . Introduction 175 Fundamentals of Small-Angle X-ray Scattering 176 3 Analyses 180 Examples of Structure Determination 183 References 187 Minoru Shiraishi and Michio Znagaki 2 3 Characterization of Carbonized Materials Heat-treated at Low Chapter 11 . Pore Structure Analyses of Carbons by Small-Angle X-ray Keiko Nishikawa 2 . 4 Chapter 12 . XAFS Analysis and Applications to Carbons and Catalysts 189 Hiromi Yamashita 1 Introduction 189 2 XAFSAnalysis 190 Applications to Carbon Related Materials and Catalysts 200 XAFS in the Future 207 References 207 3 4 Chapter 13 . X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and its Application to Carbon . 211 Noboru Suzuki 2 3 1 Introduction and XPS 211 Cls Binding Energy 212 Application to Carbon Materials 212 References 220 Chapter 14 . Transmission Electron Microscopy 223 1 Introduction 223 Materials Characterization by Means of TEM 223 Specimen Preparation by FIB 231 In-Situ Heating Experiment 235 References 238 Characterization of Carbon Materials 239 1 Introduction 239 Basic Principles of EELS and Instrumentation 240 Hiroyasu Saka 2 3 4 Chapter 15 . Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy and its Applications to Hisako Hirai 2 [...]... in carbon science and technology Keyword: Carbon materials, Classic carbons, New carbons, Carbon family, Carbon alloys 1 A Short History Carbon materials have attracted the attention of human beings from prehistoric times Carbon materials include charcoals used as heat sources, diamond crystals used not only as jewels but also for cutting and abrasion, graphite as lubricants and electrical conductors,... activated carbons) have a long history of usage and are called classic carbon materials, in contrast to newly developed carbon materials the so-called new carbons Carbon materials play a part in our daily lives in various ways, many not being that obvious For example, among the new carbons there are carbon fibers for reinforcing rackets and fishing rods, activated carbons as filters for deodorization in... preparation of carbon alloys is the control of space by filling with carbon and foreign atoms, and, as a consequence of this space control, novel applications are hoped for This research project has made significant advances in many areas This concept led to the formation of nano- and micro-sized spaces in different carbon alloys, and also to nano-sized carbon materials for various energy storage devices... pitch-based, and Koyama and Endo with vapor-grown carbon fibers Today, these three types of carbon fibers are produced on an industrial scale and have wide applications In contrast, glass-like carbon, a hard carbon showing conchoidal (glass-like) fracture surfaces with extremely low gas permeability, found various industrial applications A Japanese group, represented by Yamada, was deeply involved with... and property The concept of Carbon Alloys” was initiated in Japan as a national project and is now recognized internationally Carbon Alloys are defined as being materials mainly composed of carbon materials in multi-component systems, the carbon atoms of each component having physical andlor chemical interactive relationships with other atoms or compounds The carbon atoms of the components may have... divided into two sub-lattices by a pentagonal or a heptagonal defect, even though every carbon atom has three chemical bonds Single-wallcarbon nanotubes have not only an outer surface, but also an inner surface consisting of a hollow core Because the cap of a single wall carbon nanotube can be opened by oxidation, the inner space can considered as a new chemical reaction space In fact, polymerizations... Hence, an understanding of hybridization of carbon atoms is essential for constructing new forms of carbon This chapter discusses the hybridization of carbon atoms and shows that the directions of chemical bonds within a molecule cannot always be anticipated Another important issue of carbon materials is that the solid state properties of carbons depend strongly on defect concentration and crystallite... stacking Carbons of intermediate heat treatment temperatures contain variable ratios of turbostratic and graphitic stacking, with small and large crystallites, depending primarily on starting materials (precursors) and heat treatment conditions The carbon materials 8 Chapter 1 RANDOM TEXTURE ORIENTED TEXTURE PLANAR ORIENTATION refere plane Co-axial RANDOM ORIENTATION a , . concept of Carbon Alloys” was initiated in Japan as a national project and is now recognized internationally. Carbon Alloys are defined as being materials. Kakihana and Minoru Osada 1 Introduction 285 2 Raman Spectra of Carbon Materials 288 3 Remarks about Raman Measurements 290 4 Recent Raman