EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS Edited by Ru-Band Lu EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS Edited by Ru-Band Lu Effects of Antidepressants Edited by Ru-Band Lu Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2012 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. 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Publishing Process Manager Romina Skomersic Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic Cover Designer InTech Design Team First published June, 2012 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechopen.com Effects of Antidepressants, Edited by Ru-Band Lu p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0663-0 Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Evaluation of the Humoral Immune Response of Wistar Rats Submitted to Forced Swimming and Treated with Fluoxetine 1 Eduardo Vignoto Fernandes, Emerson José Venancio and Célio Estanislau Chapter 2 Effects of Antidepressants on Inhibitory Avoidance in Mice: A Review 23 Concepción Vinader-Caerols, Andrés Parra and Santiago Monleón Chapter 3 Participation of the Monoaminergic System in the Antidepressant-Like Actions of Estrogens: A Review in Preclinical Studies 47 Carolina López-Rubalcava, Nelly Maritza Vega-Rivera, Nayeli Páez-Martínez and Erika Estrada-Camarena Chapter 4 Antidepressants and Morphological Plasticity of Monoamine Neurons 73 Shoji Nakamura Chapter 5 Serotonin Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) 91 Ipek Komsuoglu Celikyurt, Oguz Mutlu and Guner Ulak Chapter 6 Antidepressants Self-Poisoning in Suicide and Suicide Attempt: Acute Toxicity and Treatment 109 Sara Santos Bernardes, Danielle Ruiz Miyazawa, Rodrigo Felipe Gongora e Silva, Danielle Camelo Cardoso, Estefânia Gastaldello Moreira and Conceição Aparecida Turini Chapter 7 Rational Polypharmacy in the Acute Therapy of Major Depression 131 Per Bech and Claudio Csillag VI Contents Chapter 8 Antidepressant Drugs and Pain 143 Blanca Lorena Cobo-Realpe, Cristina Alba-Delgado, Lidia Bravo, Juan Antonio Mico and Esther Berrocoso Chapter 9 Antidepressant Drug Use in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 – The Effect of Medication on Mental Problems and Glycemic Control 163 Jana Komorousová and Zdeněk Jankovec Chapter 10 Effects of Fluoxetine and Venlafaxine on the Salivary Gland – Experimental Study 181 Silvana da Silva, Luciana Reis de Azevedo, Antônio Adilson Soares de Lima, Beatriz Helena Sottile França, Maria Ângela Naval Machado, Aline Cristina Batista Rodrigues Johann and Ana Maria Trindade Grégio Preface Depression could be called the black death of the twenty-first century due to its high prevalence (life time prevalence could be 10-15% or higher). It often occurs in people during their middle age, 30-50 years old, and costs much because of the medical resources used to treat it and the higher suicide and rate of recurrence. In addition, people with depression are often comorbid with anxiety disorders and lack of efficient treatment. Even for the patients with anxiety disorders, the most useful medications are antidepressants. From 1970 to 1990, antidepressants drug delivery has developed rapidly, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), tetracyclic antidepressants (TCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), being the most commonly used. These medications are among the most commonly prescribed by psychiatrists and other physicians, and their effectiveness and adverse effects are the subject of many studies and competing claims. As more studies are carried out more evidence of the other effects of antidepressants have been reported; antidepressants are no longer anti-depressant/mood only, but provide other effects. The editor tried to integrate various aspects of treatment for depression and the effects of antidepressants. In recent years, more and more researchers are exploring the mechanisms in psychiatry and psychopharmacology of treating psychiatric illnesses. Some hypotheses have been challenged through various points of view, but, the hypothesis on monoamine still plays an important role in treating depression. From the viewpoint of traditional psychopharmacology, animal models to clinical trials in humans, a comprehensive review was carried out to understand the possible pathology of depression. In addition, the other therapeutic effects of antidepressants, as well as side effects, are also reported in this book. Moreover, psychotherapy has also been reported to have similar effects, especially cognitive-behavioural therapy; these treatments are also reported to work for depression. On the fundamental understanding of pharmacological effects and the relationship with depression, the therapeutic effect of psychotherapy could be more applicable. X Preface The editor tried to help the readers who are beginners in this field to have a comprehensive and basic knowledge of antidepressants and further, have inspiration for their future studies. Ru-Band Lu Department of Psychiatry, National Cheng Kung University & Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan [...]... antidepressant administration, they reveal an absence of tolerance, which is present regardless of the mechanism responsible for the therapeutic effects of antidepressants This lack of tolerance suggests that the influence of antidepressants on memory is related to their therapeutic effects When the effects of antidepressants are assessed, in addition to their effects on mood and anxiety, those on cognitive... influence of drugs on memory, and more specifically for the study of memory-retrieval mechanisms (Arkhipov, 1999) Effects of Antidepressants on Inhibitory Avoidance in Mice: A Review 25 The neurochemical substrates of IA learning in association with the neurochemical substrates of antidepressants The cholinergic, histaminergic and serotonergic systems are involved in IA learning, and the effects of antidepressants. .. study: The effects of acute and chronic administration of several antidepressants (amitriptyline, maprotiline and fluoxetine) on inhibitory avoidance (IA) learning The effects of antidepressants on learning and memory, dissociating them from those on activity, anxiety and analgesia, which can interfere with the performance of the IA response The potential state-dependent learning (SDL) of antidepressants. .. odds with the Evaluation of the Humoral Immune Response of Wistar Rats Submitted to Forced Swimming and Treated with Fluoxetine 13 findings of this study since the time/effect analysis of fluoxetine showed immunosuppression of all studied classes of antibodies after twenty-four days of treatment These results suggest that the effect of fluoxetine depends on the physiological state of the animal It is important... are involved in IA learning, and the effects of antidepressants on these systems can modulate the learning of this task The possible sex differences in these effects of antidepressants An in-depth review of this body of work is presented herein We will summarize and discuss the effects of the antidepressants amitriptyline, maprotiline and fluoxetine on an IA task in male and female mice, with reference... experimental investigation of depression in humans is largely ethically unfeasible Thus, animal models of depression have been developed for this purpose, such as the 4 Effects of Antidepressants olfactory bulbectomy, learned helplessness, restraint stress and forced swimming (Willner, 1990) Forced swimming is a widely used model for preclinical evaluation of the possible effects of antidepressant drugs... should also be considered The plethora of studies performed with aversive stimuli is understandable given the negative nature of depression However, the scarcity of studies involving female subjects is less comprehensible and indeed inexcusable given that the incidence of depression is much higher among women than men A series of experiments on the effects of different antidepressants on memory in mice... Micic, M (2005a) The effects of chronic stress on thymus innervations in the adult rat Acta histochemica, Vol.106, pp 449-458, ISSN 0065-1281 Zivkovic, I.; Rakina, A.; Petrovic-Djergovic, D.; Miljkovic, B & Micic, M (2005b) Exposure to forced swim stress alters morphofunctional characteristics of the rat thymus Journal of Neuroimmunology, Vol.160, pp 77- 86, ISSN 0165-5728 2 Effects of Antidepressants on... stress disorder (Baldessarini, 2001) Antidepressants are also employed as a therapeutic tool in disorders such as drug addition (e.g Schatzberg, 2000), enuresis (e.g Humphreys & Reinberg, 2005) and chronic pain (e.g Sindrup et al., 2005) This wide application of the effects of antidepressants and the heterogeneity of their mechanism of action suggest the existence of a common therapeutic mechanism among... serotonergic and noradrenergic activity (Monleún et al., 2008) We have previously reviewed studies of the effects of antidepressants on animal memory (Monleún et al., 2008) These studies provide several valuable insights into the effects of antidepressants on memory: 1 2 3 4 The memory impairment produced by several antidepressants is not confined to those with anticholinergic properties Although there are . EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS Edited by Ru-Band Lu EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS Edited by Ru-Band Lu Effects of Antidepressants. adverse effects are the subject of many studies and competing claims. As more studies are carried out more evidence of the other effects of antidepressants