Đang tải... (xem toàn văn)
Luận án phó tiến sỹ Về các nhóm đối xứng không thời gian mở rộng của lý thuyết trường lượng tử Tài liệu tham khảo Luận án phó tiến sỹ khoa học toán lý " Về các nhóm đối xứng không thời gian mở...
'!' "' a BC p~ BOC.TRtING~HQCCEUIENNGHIEPVA D~ NGIm mtfdNGB6I HOC TONGBOP m-AMIm6 BDad ETh'E -===================================~========== Ng1V"bv1Jn ~9 , ' " "" n OAe EQ( J)OI DG IHONGmm GUIi MO.R(8G onA If mtJIi~ mtfdHG L~G flf !rQntit 1* an Pho !rUn 81 Khoa h9c ToSn Ji " c.1l1V"&nDganh V~t ~ 1y th~et -I:a hitu 10201 !DImrPROBOem .IE - 1966 ~ """"-""""'::."""'" """"-~~" t J ' :. " , "', ,'\ ',0', , , "t., 1:.1 i'i:~L. I ~i ' ': i' j 1 "~'li'\"~:'~"" , " ,1 ., IhJ 'h::hL,;,: t:l)\}f . . " :.' " 't ~ , I ~ ~ ~ ,. cq trim ~ hoc Ul,am~B~.an V&tJi Ji thwet ihoa T&t 1i - ~ h9O ~6Ds h~ ~~ phS Jib -Chi - KiDh . ~ , IDl\IDg ~C11 h~~ dAns If~1n 11690Glao - Giao 811I. PhO.tUn sl. DucmgTan P1d -G18.o all It TUn .1. . , Ng\fO'inhen xet 11 u~ ,~en xet as , CO'qUBn nhen xet, ,," . , L$ an se ~ bao vi tid gOi d:~ng chlIm 1$ .8n Nha n mc hW t(l1 ~ ¥ h9c ~Ang h9$>T.P. JIb -Chi -J4iI1h vao hbi nga;y thq nibn 1989 Co 121' t1m hiAu lu'n an tCl-i !lhll vien 'lrIICIngd:~ h9c Tang hC1.P~~ phS gb Ch! I[~ va t~ ']hit vi~n Q~c 'gia. . a fIij fJlu . lincm doi ~ khcug ihc,i glan can ~n nhat Qua 1; thUY6t tI'lZCmgluvng t& tU'C'ngdot t{nh la nhoa Poincare" .Doi me; Poincare xu§:t phat t~ quan ni~m v~t ly cho rlng khong . , ", , thai gian cua ly thuygt tuongdo1 hiP la dang nhEt va d~ hll6ng, vi vb cae d~c trtmg e~h~ lll9'llg t~ khong dU?c tbay d~l khi tlnh ti~ bo~c quay h~ t9a dQ ichong then. gia.'1. "" lfuo~ P01ncace co 10 tham so, cae vi t~ Qua no la ceo tOaD tu. 4 - xung l~g Pp.va 4-j;enXO'1110men xung luvng ~;"V. , " ' Nhom conformal Ie Mom d01 Dmg ch~a Mom ioincare nhu mQt Mom con. h"homconformal la nhom co 15 tham 80, cac " "'" , vi ill cua no bao gam 10 vi tll cua MOil.poincare V8 ngoa1 ra ", "" ~ - , C9J1 co vi tll D wong ung vc11.phep bien d01 co den tO8 d9 T8 KjA tlJ\;1ng ling vai phep blin d~1 conformal die trllllg. Nhoc conformal Is nhom r~ .nhSt g1lt ~t bi en hinh non anh sang G:i.~ thUt ~t bien conformal c, neng luvng cao d~c cac thlJc ngb1~m :tEh1Xf hptolD-had1"Onpbi <tan t{nh S8,U :mc nh~n. ido. r§ng nhom d01 ntng Poincare b~ng ~ch d\l8 VEtO cac ph.p bign dAt doi xttng 'Ych cac tham 85 spinO' dan den Me):; sieu dot x~g. 'Sieu dO't Ding ket h9'(>cae truang boae ,~"", Va ferIti vao cung mpt da tuyen dot xung va do do .dan den MUng khe Dang to ldn d~ xay dlJng ly thuy't tb6ng i:1hSt c.ac: , ' ""- , tllO'ng tee cua cae b,t eO' bBn. cae ly tbuySt traong .~~iu d6i ximg co mpt as t:!Dh chat 1; tbUI SO'phin Q g1~11 1'0 rit so vGi cae l;tbuygt kbong siiudO't %ling tm:m.g ang, ob , t, Ji, .~ '. . J- ~t beng 80 ta1 dhuan hoa h~, tat ca cae gian db vong ~ . vacuumtr1~t t1eu, trung binh Tacuum CU~ tenxa n!ng luvng tr1ft tieQ v.v HIe ~Iu cae 1i tbuyft 81~u %Un« dS1 J ~Dibg~ Db1'~. A-~a1-C1.i'-'~,'t v".4'11 Jf;Q-ch* c&. ~S ohq 1;12,,",D&b1,. rO r~g chaing II:i.Dh.Uu.~S1 Tlj,.g .' . . . quA1;121101. qlq 1uft Quathe glat 12.1,octbb, ~~8 ,. giG gh 4'~Dh'~ DUt'th1,D r~h ~1't1 cgng trbh 11 thl1ye1: Db'. 11&. hf .1,~o dd1 =g -v6i tbltC 11~1i. c~ vit 1i h~t Ilguds. ta olio rh8' s1iu 461 x.ing ta 161 thc1a' - 'th,. chi h1fn 11&~Ii dU1 Db(t - cbo mic v~ d'a' J18l1gt4J. aliA 11 tbu1it th5ug Dbgt ~wng taer' Steu d~1.g' si' BP dit m§t trft -1:\1.0 do trons ph~ hOt, bOb chI ad t12ams6 tdl y cqA 04C 1; thuy't tbSD8 Dhlt,-s1&u d61 ~g co tb~ .~~~ quy3t dUVc kIlla oph ~ thuft' Qua vh cft h1e:tuc07 ~~~. 1i . thu1'1: 'boD« Db't 1cfn (gred unU"1c:atj.on)-, V.V .0$0 1f 1inttyet1:12&Dg.«, t~ t,*o 121fl14.1 ~4t ~" ~iiu hS~ . (supergraY1'ty), sUI1 day Csuperatring) diu "flu d\P1C ":~Id1ai f1" . thee y t,aoDg 81@a dQ1%Qbg; ,BAn luin in J)gbteD oaia,DJQ'tsS 'vCn cD ~gquaDh c&c Dbol\401 ~g .; r~, n01 trill. Saaetay '1. w.t#.~ cae v~ . 4:8 d1 8a11DgbUn o. cae, ~~t qa&'.h c~ tl<; ~~I. -' ~ 8*t hlnh th1io lup 8f.eu'th~ gtp V$ 81h 1;ruWg 0u1 8iiu 481 JOing~ r~ng k't hgp -vthCt81 xUb' trong 30(2). DUngpb~})thalli '0 120. ttt{~ bcrps1.~u-~*1Ii.2t vin 4pg phllmig phap 0$0 MAtt U3n cA. .t1~-~ .clc~ . Salam. do gt.a di tbll d. qQ.yllift b161 4A~t~y d~ c cic 'toe ~{, 81&u t~6 cang -Dba t:rutmg 1;hAJJhpJIb dft ~ ett~ J)hep'141114&1cd 8U~ 4&1- rJ:, l'QQgsQut. ~ WghUno~ cae "1 11811he gLaa c&o~ ~~ phb o. .~t den cis tnyen do cae 401 12014~t -me lip. tt'O11g818u c!~1 x.mg rJJDrQ11gsu(2). %81818.11tratmg If . 2 tAng quit, vG1 gta tbuy't 't1'pS th41 ftOU\l1l 1141 b1ea 81~ 461 =s .) r~ng. tao gt8. tha 4Il11Ooio It' th~ glia do hlJa tUQ'Ag!paD_t 411. owl 0&0tN(,q tb$mr pItIia.trong sUa. bvo.s. 2 t6acfi-t. . . '. 4- -> -' - Xh1o .at blim thvc lup 81eU kbong glan bar80111e Va .Uu t1'llCmgg1a1 t:Ccb cu8 nm)1Iitac gi8 (;olperin. Ogievet- xk1 vA cOns 8¥ - blM tbiic lufn c!1tVCtbw nhin 18 raOta day-c dl1 a~ "'~cblt Chi nb't cac li thu;ret sleu dol xUng';' r§.t:g Ii ;; 2 cbUa 481=g trong SU(2). JIbe, hlnb tbde lufn ~;rtcac bn>ermul'tiplet cU: s1eu dO1 .JJ. 2 chzqe 110 1;. bO1. cac s1€u tralmg tU1 t:Coh - cie 8ieu truang kboag bt rUg ~Qc bb1 cae di'u klin hincbe cO t:Cnh ch!t ap dlt. Do do.' d01 vcn eac sUu tr~g' gial ticb. co tb' 8P dpg phuong pbap Jibu steu tm~g. tAng <iUAtd~ tbu c'c 'hi ihac l1'n hi cic beB! ~ ;"" '" tllO'ng quan h.l diem cua cae t1'llC111gthaw pbb. ltet qua, tac ", ; '". J gt'8 tbu d. cae 'bi tbllC g1ils eae he. tvcmg quaa.ba1. cHell "; ~A-_'" . , cue. cae t~ thanb p.bln trOl1g .cae h)'perDlIUplet J'a;ret- Sohn1us va Howe-Stell - !oWD8end. " ' ,_if if; , - Xhao 8at viic _t hvp dQ1 DDg conformal TO1. sUu doi mg th@h dol :dng rOng h(l1UDot =g superconforllBl. ~~c ~; neu V$ cllling m:LDh minh d\ sau v\ tiell cbu~ hl~p bien' 8llperconforml: Hlu 119.t Lagrangian slell do! Ding, v~ dang thC1. le. b1~p 1:d ~ conforl!lal tbl 1; tbllyet; le.ld~i Dng superconformal. DUng 1 v{ 41\1II1Dh b9a, tae gi8 xet d nh bS:t bleD conformal va superconformal cua aO hl.nh TO hu6ng sih deft :.Ding vcn tv tllO!lg ,tee gs3 .va 88 h1nh dieD dOng l~c sielld01 xttng cuB 188S. Zumino. a" %" .1-,-""" - De t1111h1el1 cae die hnn cua cae 11 thu1et trao-'Ig " ~ .'-, , co dol :nmg eonforll81 va 8&q1.r83formal bt pba Ta tv phtd, tee 818 .i d' xuSt va kb~o Bat 1110binh 11 tbll1't trag ' ' ., trong siell khanggian (2,2) co dol nmg 8uperconformal b+:t pba va t~ pilat nhc, t~D tf1 nghl~1tt c~ c:l~n lo~i l.nstanton t;~ pJt~ tthl~ t~g 6.pha r"s va tv phat d61 Ding, 80 :; hUb. .~ ta cae fhlDs c1Gs 1IIfIt8to"& aO1;~ bo~ v~ aOt ~ :tera1ont\tcmgtaa D'tiauaft c ~s~u 4~1 miDg. Ph1lCmgtrlm ~t~1Q11 trong .~ inatanton . 1_0. ' ." , 11 , cua boeQl1 CAP D8h1faa ch~ xac 9'a tIlc1Dg \fIIg <tin IIode _roo ~ . cua :tera1on. , - , " Cae kIt qua cua tae gia Ita. dktgc c&ng b8 trong 5 ba1 bao tran cae t8P Chi. o"Terpchi T!t .Ji", "Czechoslovak Journal of P1Q-jics", "~eng baa ihoa h9C Dp h9C tADg hClP ~8nh ph611& Chi 14inh" (xem b~ danh JII.\1Ccae c6ng trlrm GOngb8 cua-tae gi; theo 4A t8.1 1$ an 0, eu8i ban tan tit " ntV). Ban 1* an, Dgo81phh .& ~u va k't 1utn, CO5 '1 " chU'ang, J php.1\1C J t<mg c~ g!a °113 trang", Sau ~ 1a n~1 dung tt. tat !cae Ct.oIc1Dgcui 1uen an. + + + 6 Cb~g I , « ~, mfOjt001 D}.riG,POINCJJiE n'clc ilf R~rm dA 1;0 ' ;fJJ\ Ch~g ~ mane die trlln~ uhf!' mon V$O 11nh "vc ne,b1& c~ trong &) ~~ Sia tr-lnh ~y cae kiln thuc ca b6D v~ t:b&I d8r ~ Poincare \Fa cae ',1DC1rfmg clla no I 1110111 con:f'o.rmel. %thom81311 d6i Ding vA nh~tn auperoonfor~81. ,~. , 'A , . , 1 ~~J?o1nce.~: lbomPoincare t <>ngquat P 1a Mom 'tIt ~ ole Ph~p bign d~1 tw98d~ co dvng: V ' , ~- I\~xv +.p (I.1) 'trong do ~ 11 1.119.trfn c~ pbep b1Sn d~l Loren t6ng qUt ~,\, 1e Yecta tbh uSn 4- *98 dQ. Ibom Po1Acue htPP~ la Jabomcon cui P @1I~e phep bi en d~1 (1.1) 61. ~etl\. 1 va ~~1. 1h,6Ephil Vf1l n8ng cue MOlD Po1Jtcare hfP ki h1fu u.~o' T:i.en ~ bS::t bib tllO'ng dot eua lith uygt lU911« tit # ~ ';0 " . tLlO'!lgdQi tum d. phatb1E!11Mil 8au: ,"V()1. phep 'tie clol Po~nca" htp, v.cta treng thai bien cfAl thee bl~u c1dn ~ ' . ., Ci>" .,. , u~ 1;a Uh t,c cue ahOmcJo. Pi" la Dboll 10 them eS, Vi t~ 1i. 4 vi ta tb;m tUn va 6 vi t&i quay. , cae ,-, .f,\" , ' dall 40 -c,agi8 trinh bBy dQi 80 cac vi tll. cue JIhOm rQincare, phUO'J1gPh~p pn6n 1091 ~e bl~u dien bit Cbs cIQ.J , " ,." A."',,- 1 t cue dQl so nhC)1,P,1h ~ cae gia tr:1, rieng ,cua cae as II1r .11& , ~. , , . . A 2 Cae Sp!nCf Loren t Cee spina la cae yeu to cue lchuJ18 t ' 1 ' 1 '" . ~. ~'" . t $ian Tee a phllC he en ~U th\1c h1tn o1eu d,i<311 <:<:"80' cue , ( , ,. ) nhq~ SL 2, C) (Dbom pbu v~m nang cue n}:),QIt;Loren r.Ung L , " '.A '", CO hal khong gietn bieu d1e1l khac May 't~g ~ v(;i ha1 - bi~u d1'In 1Ih.ang.'t IIO'Agduong cue SI,{2. C) , do 40 cO .hat 10fl spinal 8pinO' oh1ral-'t~1 'i~!-;6 khaaS- ~-d;i;)'~ ". sp1nO'Ohiral phs1 (oh! 84 cO eft ). Cae eptAO'ha1. thUh ."phlD do <111110"891 11 cae spina \Yeylvi (flu Ueu cSuve 'fe,l 3 . duzagde .a h nO't1"1D6. DW1pbip nstJJch If~ toe. 4~. spinam cbi e6 k!16Dg ob«. tren ct1\1,ln thanb ~tDa '9'c7tchI ,88 cO ch& da!\ va , n~ 1,t."£I~Tiftpbep btln ~~1 00 t{Db e1tft l!-6 c!uO1. dfDg lI't phep blln. <I~1 tuy3n t{Dh, cb gJp <101 sO chI'" . ""."" """",,:: ( ) biE;U dlen Va kbao 8at ceo spIna 4 tb8Dh p~ ~p:1J1O'. hong tNCmg bvp tADg quat bt8ptDa cO 4 tbUh phh phtic <lPc Ii-PI day la tr1img b9P cae 8p1DO'Dirac. 111\1 b& sung them cU.'u IclVD tbU'C llajorana 1'c;r C 1f'T .'t' 9 tbl Qua' co 4 thanh phh thyc <lQol0p (spina. Jajorua). J BbOID819'1 461 ~t i)j .;. rOag !tho. 441 ~ 'oinc- an ban"cSlu DgWt1;a *l~ Dbo. G obaa Dbo. Poincare,,;" UJO1; , "," " m A , " )1 '!Ir Dbom do1 X!.ZUghong %1&0. cSOe. "'IA! nh1en haong nay 69P nh111'U 'boa Dg,1. Sa'1 do :m1t hip cac. cI~ Ii DO - 40 :a;c liP t "r~g cac clot hot v,t Ii t~ng qqa1;Dhlt_hJD dl' 01\1 trac 0: ~ -G chi co th4 Ie. t{eb trtIc t11p cua nbO.>f1'otncaft v~ IIIlOm \ . cl61-xtiag trong. ,. d ,.,., Iuy Dbien cOtl1l d1 D hOD*c c8c11ad ~ ut "" . , '- , cac %1<1108GIdt'angpb81 la cac nM. Lt. thm.S,.m:mg - 1& cae Mom Lie phan biG (graded). Mn cOM cac" Y1 ~ ~ ;. ~" CUB Dboll P01noare (thu9c pha. biG 0 '9'4 cI!IIJO&91 14 cae Vi t-i ch~n) dua them cae 1f1 t~ $piDC1(Ct. . Q. Hth* pban ~o 1 .:.' dJ.J9'C~1 18 cac vi 1;~ Ie). Dt1' as ma rQng- , "It 9 ".' "" g8m oa giao bon tit pttan g1ao hoeD tu. lChoa tmmg tJD8'tCi'1 ct;1 aO nay dll9'C ~1 1.8 nbO:mdeu dB! xUrig; 8 " . ~ 6 ", , Sau do tac"l1i hum bay ct.i 8 vi tl.: cua nholn s1€\.< """ , b ""~' . " dOi Dmg. phan 1001 oac leudieDuat tha quy cue d~l EO' ~-" , ,.~ bi & c1 , "" v . . slc¥ 401 xung. vaG eu ten cua del 80 nay co net d~c Di~t "1a ca'; boson va cac :fermion n~mtrong cims m9t sUu da. tUJ.I~;J va cO cims 11116:1luvng. s~ "'- ~ . 4 ~ieu khBn~~~ - i~ t.rsmpg: Lrongt;Leu III\lC nay teie gie. trlnh 1187hbh tbalC 1. ~81eukhiiDggian Y8 s1Cu tmang dot vc11 slall doi %Ung III1nl11a1 vat 1 vi t{, splnO' (N.1)- StEIl kbang sian ls kbqg1an m&rSiDg cb.m cac t08 d9 khong thO1. g1an thOng thuDon.s . va c&e toe d Q spinO' ph8n €1ao been. BUu traang ls cac 'tzuOng ne dpm trang SUIl ][bong gian. Hlnb th&ic 1ujn. slau traOng cho phep mOt~ 89n gbe . cae eta tuyen slell dol' %Iing. 1.egrangian b(t bien, 1i tbQet nh1'u lofD b(t bLh n cac guy tIc Fe7D- cO th~ phat b1~u trio .Ugp tbeo ng& ngii 8:!.e~ truoemg. ~ .~ . 5 Jgom con1'orMl: 1Jbomconforlla1 cu8 kh6ng thO1 glaD , ,~ .11 18 Dhomcac ~ep ~~ d01 't98 d9 bao g~m: - cac phep bi&n-a&l cue MomFoincare, - Phep Mill dA! co din toa dQ ][bong thCn. g1an , %~ .~% . ~> 0 ~ - Phep bl.Sn etAl eon1'orma1 dIe trung ~ .or.1{xl (~ -~ x2), tT(-x} . 1-= c2x2 (I. 1) lIhom conformal co 15 them 86. cac v1 tu. 141'i1,&\'"~\ D , I va K}\. ' Sau do tae gi~ trlnh 18y d,1 86 cao vi tal, gisi thIGhvat Ii oao pbep'b1fn et~l (I.2) ya (I.3>,.tr1nh b8y , II Jt I- phuO'Ag phap cae bieu dien cam 8inh cas Maclcey, Salam de II A L a .,. III II' ao dtnb quy lut~ bi.u do! cna toen hr tmcmg doi YC1 cae , !It_" ., phep billU.l 401 cua ahom confer_l. (I.2) 6. - ~O. auperooafo~, 1IItOa~omu. 1a 0- .ahOa00a1'01"881 oa- cia- .~ T1 ~ 8p1AO'. DI too thimll do1 .& kla ~ ta pb8t t1tb yao 481 a8 S "" ooafo1'1l812 n tw ap1DG'. ~. fI.c'" mOtvi. tll vo haons JJI/. cae hi tl m bop YJ _0 .tJtb cf4184 8UpU'OOllfOr8alII. trinh -7. Cb U. sIiu WI XIfBGJ! ROBO .' d:r YCh~I ~.~ (2f " II'" *'.6' 1 C"'Q nhna at an ~. 1 "Zm'Ia' ~ ' JIbc)aaia. do1 DD8 -~ *'., t nnh bay acbuung I la 110'*g aptDCt be Dltft cua nhOm 461 mag Po1ncar ~ &91 Dbo. 40 18 81eu 481 -11.1 (I ki h1.jQ 86 1 1a; spina). cO thi .0. r9ag at cao Dho. 81eu clSl ~g all;. Jl vi tu. &pUla (Ii> 1). ]flu 117 »ft tg sp1Da @ 18 bilu d11a fXI8b c~ clSI xUng t1"ODgSU(]I) ta 00 cfel s4 81811 ., *' . ~ . '~. *' dot XIIIIg110'rOag t hVJ»IIOt each kb&tg tIa thl8mB dol ~ khong thCtt g!.8D va 4ft =a hong Sf (]f). . I . ~. . 'fruimg h9P 40'!1 paD JIb t oua 818u QU~D1Dg , rOD& 18 trWl1g h9P steu cI41 Dug wb rpng kIt hgp Wi <!61 :a8g trang sue 2) CdS1 ~ Isotopic). ceo hi u.Rc pb8n giao hoD .,. ( .' 1 I Qua cae 1 tal ap1Da Q()(1 . 1~1. 2) t%'Gag t rwag hqp co bch trung tam 00 dong: tQo<.18 {T; . Qfi3 } Q':j ~ /3 ) 21 ~i~ ~ecp Z, (II.1) Ii -2ieU e 1l', (11.2) ~;S j - . 2~1 (vf~ ~. en.) ) j . l Qed' ~ ~ /'=' ) ~ [...]... CII\.ttrUc(3, 'A J ., '" to (8 : spin, I,1soapin) eas JDQt bien dieD bat kha quy Db., Bau (Y,T + 1/2~(Y,'-'/2)E9(Y 2.r§ng SiBil khon.r u-iAD t~ ling {x}'\, ~i ven sieu t-e-l} - ~ (Y-1/2,T) Stell tr.Km~r Ichong gian Steu lID dS1 X!ing SU{2) co cae 1;98 ~~I (1-= 1,2) 81&\1 ~-raCtng H = r (II.4) 2 (Tilt t&t 18 2-sUu t~) dlZQ'c %80 dtnhnhU" 1 + 1/~) I) -.UI .' ~* e:q>{-1 (ZZ+ zZ-+' exp[Hit"S + S~}]J( J exp(1~... - (III." < ~ , (UI.14) ,.b(ij) 'f'k(J() ~ (".') Cij} (~} 'fk.(X")/:- (III.1J: , (III.1S) $( -,$ < (a; )Ot~ 'f'(IC) ~ (Jr') > ~ 0 (III.16) "" "7.\ ceo hi thUc tbl1 dtJl1C co Y !Jghu rnnn h9C dan gian: DO 1.4 hi qu8 cua bS:t bioen tInh Uen trong SiEhl Ichang g1.an COla 81a1 t{dl 21 Ch~ " HIP IV JiIKN ~PO.B.ii4L TA StlP:u.CQ.NFt'>~ cui CAC aO B!JII !mtOllG " 1 - Khai ~i~m VA 1;~en eblNai hi~n... tr\rong "' " 1 - 'IF tro , cas vacuum k:hon~ bat b1.en t1'Qng cae 11 'a1 ' ~'_ ,;;., ~-.J~' 1y thllyet trong ,,;;~~, '".< :'~ -"'-,-~",-""'" , ,~- khang-thO1 " TJ:.t " - Inn , , ~~:::>:d'Jr'YJl " ' thO{-"gianl 0('1.) ~ , g1.!m DehUIl G1& s~ gia ttifcY 'Y9ng VflCCIUI 1t." t!" kh ong v~ b ang ~vt hall! e-gQ Cas t98 " '/,.,1 , t:I"\ldng YO bU'l7ng -r co i.a~7:;".l::?i::!cl':'- " ", ," Qua t can tll tr,gt:1.ngichac,... ~~~%,f?dxf'tJ)~)} fL ~~ (V.4) =0 , " " Wgh1~md~ng 1;hO1.cue pbacmg trJ.Dh (V.2) va ( tV.4) tan t~1 v~ co, nhfmg d~c d1~X!l at kh3ng tBm t.ht#lngl (1)ch mg r tl1'C'I!g tng T . dpm trang SUIl ][bong gian. Hlnb th&ic 1ujn. slau traOng cho phep mOt~ 89n gbe . cae eta tuyen slell dol' %Iing. 1.egrangian b(t bien, 1i tbQet. tm:m.g ang, ob , t, Ji, .~ '. . J- ~t beng 80 ta1 dhuan hoa h~, tat ca cae gian db vong ~ . vacuumtr1~t t1eu, trung binh Tacuum CU~ tenxa n!ng luvng tr1ft