18 Beginning Writing 1 • Saddleback Publishing, Inc. © 2001 • Three Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 • Phone: (888) 735-2225 • Fax: (888) 734-4010 • www.sdlback.com NAME DATE   UNDERSTANDING PARTS OF SPEECH: REVIEW A. Write T or F to show whether each statement is true or false. 1. _____ An adjective is a word that names a person, place, or thing. 2. _____ A pronoun can replace a noun in a sentence. 3. _____ All verbs express some kind of physical action. 4. _____ An adjective can describe a noun or a verb. 5. _____ A word that adds meaning to a verb is called an adverb. 6. _____ A preposition shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence. 7. _____ An interjection tells where, when, how, or to what extent. B. Write a word to complete each sentence below. Then write noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, or adverb to tell the word’s part of speech. The first one has been done for you. PART OF SPEECH 1. The slender __________________ swayed in the wind. __________________ 2. The alien from the red planet ____________________ his seven eyes. __________________ 3. Everyone stared at Leo’s ____________________ hat. __________________ 4. The car skidded, but ____________________ stayed on the icy road. __________________ C. Write a word to complete each sentence below. Then write preposition, conjunction, or interjection to tell the word’s part of speech. PART OF SPEECH 1. Suki found her softball mitt ____________________ the table. __________________ 2. “____________________! I’ve found it,” Suki exclaimed. __________________ 3. “____________________, I’m glad to hear that,” said Suki’s mom. __________________ tree noun Saddleback Publishing, Inc. © 2001 • Three Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 • Phone: (888) 735-2225 • Fax: (888) 734-4010 • www.sdlback.com • Beginning Writing 1 19 NAME DATE   UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: A COMPLETE THOUGHT Writers usually express ideas in word groups called sentences. A sentence is a complete thought and makes sense on its own. It begins with a capital letter and ends with an end mark (period, question mark, or exclamation point). Every sentence contains a noun or pronoun that tells who or what did something. This noun or pronoun is the main part of the subject of the sentence. Every sentence also has a verb that tells what the subject did. That verb is the main part of the sentence predicate . EXAMPLE: The genius solved the problem. A. Each sentence below is missing either a noun or a verb. Select a word from the box to complete each sentence. crowded was won fans dropped team ball 1. The U.S. women’s soccer team ____________________ the 1999 World Cup. 2. The ____________________ played China in the exciting final match. 3. The ____________________ cheered wildly when Brandy Chastain made the winning kick. 4. It ____________________ a great moment in the history of sports! B. Complete each sentence by adding a predicate. 1. A lost child ________________________________________________________. 2. The sputtering engine ______________________________________________. C. Complete each sentence by adding a subject. 1. _____________________________________________ raced on the new track. 2. ____________________________________________ was too tired to continue. CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write four complete sentences. Make sure you begin each sentence with a capital letter and end it with a period, question mark, or exclamation point. NOUN (SUBJECT) VERB (PREDICATE) ➝ ➝ 20 Beginning Writing 1 • Saddleback Publishing, Inc. © 2001 • Three Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 • Phone: (888) 735-2225 • Fax: (888) 734-4010 • www.sdlback.com NAME DATE   UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: FOUR KINDS OF SENTENCES The four different kinds of sentences are used for different purposes. The purpose determines the kind of end punctuation needed. EXAMPLES: Statements give information and end with a period. Niagara Falls is the second largest waterfall in the world. Questions ask for information and end with a question mark. Has a daredevil ever gone over the falls in a barrel? Commands give orders and end with a period. Move ahead slowly and watch your step. Exclamations express strong feeling and end with an exclamation point. That’s dangerous! A. Draw a line to match each sentence with the correct sentence type. 1. Do daredevils survive going over the falls? a. exclamation 2. Don’t take that unnecessary risk. b. statement 3. A teacher went over the falls in 1901. c. command 4. Oh, that looks scary! d. question B. Punctuate the passage below. Put the appropriate mark in the parentheses at the end of each sentence. Niagara Falls straddles the border between the United States and Canada (___) This natural wonder draws 12 million tourists each year (___) If you go to the falls, you will hear visitors exclaim, “Oh, how beautiful (___)” Would you guess that Niagara Falls attracts daredevils as well as tourists (___) Since the mid-1800s some risk-takers have attempted to go over the falls in barrels (___) Others have tried to walk across the falls on tightropes (___) CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write four sentences about taking risks. Include one statement, one question, one command, and one exclamation. Be sure to use the appropriate punctuation. Saddleback Publishing, Inc. © 2001 • Three Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 • Phone: (888) 735-2225 • Fax: (888) 734-4010 • www.sdlback.com • Beginning Writing 1 21 NAME DATE   UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: COMPOUND SUBJECTS A compound subject contains more than one noun or pronoun. The parts of a compound subject are usually joined by the word and . In these sentences the compound subject takes a plural verb. EXAMPLE: Both large appliances and small appliances use energy. Sometimes the parts of a compound subject are joined by the word or or nor . In these sentences, the verb must agree with the last noun or pronoun in the subject. EXAMPLE: Either gas or electricity is readily available. Neither the pamphlet nor the books tell us how to build a solar collector. A. First underline the compound subject in each sentence. Then circle the correct verb form. 1. Refrigerators and washing machines ( uses / use ) lots of energy. 2. Jack and Janet ( works / work ) to conserve energy in their home. 3. Either biking or carpooling ( preserves / preserve ) the air quality. 4. Both the wind and the sun ( creates / create ) energy. 5. Neither coal nor other fossil fuels ( is / are ) limitless forms of energy. 6. Usually, Dad or the kids ( picks / pick ) up the trash. B. Use a compound subject to make one sentence from each group of sentences. The first one has been done for you. 1. James recycles soda cans. Mary recycles soda cans. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Lia conserves water. Paul conserves water. Mark conserves water. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. I collect newspapers. Jerry collects newspapers. ____________________________________________________________________ CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write three sentences about preserving the environment. Use a compound subject in each sentence. Underline the compound subject. James and Mary recycle soda cans. 22 Beginning Writing 1 • Saddleback Publishing, Inc. © 2001 • Three Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 • Phone: (888) 735-2225 • Fax: (888) 734-4010 • www.sdlback.com NAME DATE   UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: COMPOUND PREDICATES The predicate is the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject. The predicate always includes the verb. A compound predicate contains two or more verbs. EXAMPLE: We ate and danced at the party. A. Circle the compound predicate in each sentence. 1. Maurice wrote and mailed the party invitations on Tuesday. 2. Josie and Bill will dance and sing to entertain us. 3. Should we drive or walk to the party? 4. Let’s eat and visit before the entertainment begins. 5. After dinner some guests swam and played games. B. Complete each sentence below with a compound predicate. Use the suggestions in the box or ideas of your own. buy or pop laughed and cheered barked and begged ate and drank assembled and baked rent and watch 1. Jesse _____________________________________________ the pepperoni and olive pizza. 2. Everyone _____________________________________________ when he twirled the pizza dough. 3. Maryanne _____________________________________________ so much that she felt too full. 4. Tumbler, the dog, _____________________________________________ for bites of pizza. 5. “Now, let’s _____________________________________________ a movie,” suggested Harry. 6. “We could _____________________________________________ some popcorn,” said Rory. CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write four sentences about giving a party. Use a compound predicate in each sentence. Saddleback Publishing, Inc. © 2001 • Three Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 • Phone: (888) 735-2225 • Fax: (888) 734-4010 • www.sdlback.com • Beginning Writing 1 23 NAME DATE   UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: USING PHRASES A phrase is a group of words that adds meaning to a sentence. Phrases are not sentences because they do not express a complete thought. There are different types of phrases: PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE: He boarded the airplane without a look back. NOUN PHRASE: The winding road led home. VERB PHRASE: The turtle is winning the race. Add meaning to each sentence by adding a phrase from the box. up the mountain with an open mouth in his soup for boredom one good reason should always wear a tall, mysterious stranger around midnight in the salesman’s face will be playing 1. The steam engine chugged __________________________________________. 2. The robbery occurred __________________________________________. 3. Motorcycle riders __________________________________________ protective helmets. 4. __________________________________________ entered the room. 5. Give me __________________________________________ to eat beets. 6. Rudy often puts ketchup __________________________________________. 7. It is rude to chew __________________________________________. 8. The angry homeowner slammed the door ________________________ ___________________. 9. Hard work is a sure cure __________________________________________. 10. Rocky Von Rockford __________________________________________ the leading role. CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write three sentences about an activity you enjoy. Use a prepositional phrase in the first sentence. Use a verb phrase in the second and an adjective phrase in the third. 24 Beginning Writing 1 • Saddleback Publishing, Inc. © 2001 • Three Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 • Phone: (888) 735-2225 • Fax: (888) 734-4010 • www.sdlback.com NAME DATE   UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: USING CLAUSES A clause is a group of related words that contains a subject and a verb. The following chart shows you the difference between a phrase and a clause . PHRASE CLAUSE to the after-game party (no verb) after the team won the game had been celebrating (no noun) Although a clause has a subject and a verb, it is different from a sentence. It doesn’t express a complete thought or make sense on its own. A. Each boldface clause is missing either a subject or a verb. Add the missing part. 1. Before the last bell ________________, make sure you turn in your test. 2. Take your dirty shoes off before you ________________ into the house! 3. The person who __________________ the fastest will get the job. 4. He lost his way because the __________________ was too dark. B. Make up a clause of your own to complete each sentence. Be sure your clause has both a subject and a verb. Begin each clause with a word from the box. You may use a word more than once. The first one has been done for you. before after when because who during that until unless 1. The students ___________________________________ got the best lockers. 2. The car ___________________________________ will win the race. 3. ___________________________________, a tree fell on our house. 4. Don’t park in that spot ___________________________________. 5. ___________________________________, you should stay out of the lake. CHALLENGE: Think about ways to protect the environment. On the back of this sheet, write three sentences about your ideas. Use either a phrase or a clause in each sentence. Underline and label the word group. who were first in line NOUN ➝ VERB ➝ Saddleback Publishing, Inc. © 2001 • Three Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 • Phone: (888) 735-2225 • Fax: (888) 734-4010 • www.sdlback.com • Beginning Writing 1 25 NAME DATE   UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: USING DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS Many sentences follow this basic pattern: subject ➝ verb ➝ direct object Ernest parked the car. A direct object is a noun or pronoun that directly receives the action of the verb. It usually comes after the verb. A. Add a direct object to complete each sentence below. 1. Roberta dropped her ________________________ on the floor. 2. Roy hugged his mother and thanked __________________ for the gift. 3. Mrs. Jones hung the ______________________ on the clothesline. An indirect object tells for whom or to whom the action is done. You will sometimes find an indirect object between the verb and the direct object. EXAMPLES: Mr. Chan gave me instructions. (to whom) Mrs. Ling knitted her twins matching sweaters. (for whom) B. Read each item below. Rewrite the information as one sentence that has an indirect object and a direct object. The first one has been done for you. 1. Vincent cooked. He made tasty beef stew. He made it for his dinner guests. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. There were three judges. They gave prizes. Lisa won first prize. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. George paid for the cab ride. The driver got six dollars. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. The defendant spoke to the jury. He told the truth. ____________________________________________________________________ CHALLENGE: On the back of this sheet, write one sentence that has a compound direct object. Then write a second sentence that has a compound indirect object. VERB ➝ SUBJECT ➝ DIRECT OBJECT ➝ Vincent cooked his dinner guests a tasty meal of beef stew. DIRECT OBJECT ➝ INDIRECT OBJECT ➝ SUBJECT ➝ SUBJECT ➝ VERB ➝ INDIRECT OBJECT ➝ DIRECT OBJECT ➝ ➝ VERB 26 Beginning Writing 1 • Saddleback Publishing, Inc. © 2001 • Three Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 • Phone: (888) 735-2225 • Fax: (888) 734-4010 • www.sdlback.com NAME DATE   LAUGH OUT LOUD! MISPLACED MODIFIERS, DANGLING PHRASES A. Descriptive words and phrases are great— but what happens if they appear in the wrong place? The misplaced modifiers in the following sentences might make readers laugh out loud! When you rewrite each sentence, make sure the boldface phrase appears near the word it describes. The first one has been done for you. 1. Mrs. Endo died in the home in which she was born at age 86. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. After years of being lost, Leonard found his tennis trophy. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. I could see a hawk flying above the treetops with binoculars. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Covered with melted cheese and spicy tomato sauce, I gobbled the pizza. ____________________________________________________________________ Descriptive phrases should refer to nearby nouns. Dangling phrases that have no noun to refer to can sound pretty silly. EXAMPLES: INCORRECT: After looking through the garbage, my test paper turned up. C ORRECT: After looking through the garbage, I found my test paper. B. Rewrite each sentence. Make sure you give the boldface phrase a noun to refer to. The first one has been done for you. 1. Hoping for a home run, the bat was swung with great force. ____________________________________________________________________ 2. Before watching television, my homework has to be finished. ____________________________________________________________________ 3. Mixing whites and colors, her laundry turned a deep shade of pink. ____________________________________________________________________ 4. Two eagles were seen on a driving trip across the prairie. ____________________________________________________________________ At age 86, Mrs. Endo died in the home in which she was born. The player, hoping for a home run, swung the bat with great force. Saddleback Publishing, Inc. © 2001 • Three Watson, Irvine, CA 92618 • Phone: (888) 735-2225 • Fax: (888) 734-4010 • www.sdlback.com • Beginning Writing 1 27 NAME DATE   UNDERSTANDING THE SENTENCE: REVIEW Now it’s time to show what you know about sentences! A. Write a letter to match each item on the left with its name or meaning on the right. 1. _____ sentence 2. _____ subject 3. _____ predicate 4. _____ sentence that gives information 5. _____ sentence that asks for information 6. _____ sentence that tells someone to do something 7. _____ sentence that expresses strong feeling a. command b. what the subject is doing c. exclamation d. a complete thought e. who or what is doing something f. question g. statement B. Unscramble letters in the boldface words to correctly complete the sentences. 1. End mark for a statement: reipod ___________________________ 2. End mark for a question: etsuqoni amkr ___________________________ 3. Begins every sentence: palitac ttleer ___________________________ 4. End mark for exclamation: matacnxeoil tiopn _______________________ C. Identify the boldface words in each sentence as a clause, phrase, compound subject, or compound predicate. 1. The men and women entered the skiing competition. _______________________________ 2. Julia was the best skier in that event. _______________________________ 3. The slopes were icy earlier this morning. ___________________________ 4. Marcus stopped and looked before taking the jump. _______________________________ . 18 Beginning Writing 1 • Saddleback Publishing, Inc. © 20 01 • Three Watson, Irvine, CA 92 618 • Phone: (888) 735-2225 • Fax: (888) 7 34- 4 010 • www.sdlback.com NAME. Publishing, Inc. © 20 01 • Three Watson, Irvine, CA 92 618 • Phone: (888) 735-2225 • Fax: (888) 7 34- 4 010 • www.sdlback.com • Beginning Writing 1 19 NAME DATE 