ASM INTERNATIONAL ® The Materials Information Company Volume 1 Publication Information and Contributors Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys was published in 1990 as Volume 1 of the 10th Edition Metals Handbook. With the second printing (1993), the series title was changed to ASM Handbook. The Volume was prepared under the direction of the ASM International Handbook Committee. Authors and Reviewers • LAMET UFRGS • G. Aggen Allegheny Ludlum Steel DivisionAllegheny Ludlum Corporation • Frank W. Akstens Industrial Fasteners Institute • C. Michael Allen Adjelian Allen Rubeli Ltd. • H.S. Avery Consultant • P. Babu Caterpillar, Inc. • Alan M. Bayer Teledyne Vasco • Felix Bello The WEFA Group • S.P. Bhat Inland Steel Company • M. Blair Steel Founders' Society of America • Bruce Boardman Deere and Company Technical Center • Kurt W. Boehm Nucor Steel • Francis W. Boulger Battelle-Columbus Laboratories(retired) • Greg K. Bouse Howmet Corporation • John L. Bowles North American Wire Products Corporation • J.D. Boyd Metallurgical Engineering DepartmentQueen's University • B.L. Bramfitt Bethlehem Steel Corporation • Richard W. Bratt Consultant • W.D. Brentnall Solar Turbines • C.R. Brinkman Oak Ridge National Laboratory • Edward J. Bueche USS/Kobe Steel Company • Harold Burrier, Jr. The Timken Company • Anthony Cammarata Mineral Commodities DivisionU.S. Bureau of Mines • A.P. Cantwell LTV Steel Company • M. Carlucci Lorlea Steels • Harry Charalambu Carr & Donald Associates • Joseph B. Conway Mar-Test Inc. • W. Couts Wyman-Gordon Company • Wil Danesi Garrett Processing DivisionAllied-Signal Aerospace Company • John W. Davis McDonnell Douglas • R.J. Dawson Deloro Stellite, Inc. • Terry A. DeBold Carpenter Technology Corporation • James Dimitrious Pfauter-Maag Cutting Tools • Douglas V. Doanne Consulting Metallurgist • Mehmet Doner Allison Gas Turbine Division • Henry Dormitzer Wyman-Gordon Company • Allan B. Dove Consultant(deceased) • Don P.J. Duchesne Adjelian Allen Rubeli Ltd. • Gary L. Erickson Cannon-Muskegon Corporation • Walter Facer American Spring Wire Company • Brownell N. Ferry LTV Steel Company • F.B. Fletcher Lukens Steel Company • E.M. Foley Deloro Stellite, Inc. • R.D. Forrest Division FonderiePechinery Electrometallurgie • James Fox Charter Rolling DivisionCharter Manufacturing Company, Inc. • Edwin F. Frederick Bar, Rod and Wire DivisionBethlehem Steel Corporation • James Gialamas USS/Kobe Steel Company • Jeffery C. Gibeling University of California at Davis • Wayne Gismondi Union Drawn Steel Co., Ltd. • R.J. Glodowski Armco, Inc. • Loren Godfrey Associated SpringBarnes Group, Inc. • Alan T. Gorton Atlantic Steel Company • W.G. Granzow Research & TechnologyArmco, Inc. • David Gray Teledyne CAE • Malcolm Gray Microalloying International, Inc. • Richard B. Gundlach Climax Research Services • I. Gupta Inland Steel Company • R.I.L. Guthrie McGill Metals Processing CenterMcGill University • P.C. Hagopian Stelco Fastener and Forging Company • J.M. Hambright Inland Bar and Structural DivisionInland Steel Company • K. Harris Cannon-Muskegon Corporation • Hans J. Heine Foundry Management & Technology • W.E. Heitmann Inland Steel Company • T.A. HeussLTV Steel Bar DivisionLTV Steel Company • Thomas Hill Speedsteel of New Jersey, Inc. • M. Hoetzl Surface Combustion, Inc. • Peter B. Hopper Milford Products Corporation • J.P. Hrusovsky The Timken Company • David Hudok Weirton Steel Corporation • S. Ibarra Amoco Corporation • J.E. Indacochea Department of Civil Engineering, Mechanics, and Metallurgy University of Illinois at Chicago • Asjad Jalil The Morgan Construction Company • William J. Jarae Georgetown Steel Corporation • Lyle R. Jenkins Ductile Iron Society • J.J. Jonas McGill Metals Processing CenterMcGill University • Robert S. Kaplan U.S. Bureau of Mines • Donald M. Keane LaSalle Steel Company • William S. Kirk U.S. Bureau of Mines • S.A. Kish LTV Steel Company • R.L. Klueh Metals and Ceramics DivisionOak Ridge National Laboratory • G.J.W. Kor The Timken Company • Charles Kortovich PCC Airfoils • George Krauss Advanced Steel Processing and Products Research CenterColorado Sc hool of Mines • Eugene R. Kuch Gardner Denver Division • J.A. Laverick The Timken Company • M.J. Leap The Timken Company • P.W. Lee The Timken Company • B.F. Leighton Canadian Drawn Steel Company • R.W. Leonard USX Corporation • R.G. Lessard StelpipeStelco, Inc. • S. Liu Center for Welding and Joining ResearchColorado School of Mines • Carl R. Loper, Jr. Materials Science & Engineering DepartmentUniversity of Wisconsin- Madison • Donald G. Lordo Townsend Engineered Products • R.A. Lula Consultant • W.C. Mack Babcock & Wilcox DivisionMcDermott Company • T.P. Madvad USS/Kobe Steel Company • J.K. Mahaney, Jr. LTV Steel Company • C.W. Marshall Battelle Memorial Institute • G.T. Matthews The Timken Company • Gernant E. Maurer Special Metals Corporation • Joseph McAuliffe Lake Erie Screw Corporation • Thomas J. McCaffrey Carpenter Steel DivisionCarpenter Technology Corporation • J. McClain Danville DivisionWyman-Gordon Company • T.K. McCluhan Elkem Metals Company • D.B. McCutcheon Steltech Technical Services Ltd. • Hal L. Miller Nelson Wire Company • K.L. Miller The Timken Company • Frank Minden Lone Star Steel • Michael Mitchell Rockwell International • R.W. Monroe Steel Founders' Society of America • Timothy E. Moss Inland Bar and Structural DivisionInland Steel Company • Brian Murkey R.B. & W. Corporation • T.E. Murphy Inland Bar and Structural DivisionInland Steel Company • Janet Nash American Iron and Steel Institute • Drew V. Nelson Mechanical Engineering DepartmentStanford University • G.B. Olson Northwestern University • George H. Osteen Chaparral Steel • J. Otter Saginaw DivisionGeneral Motors Corporation • D.E. Overby Stelco Technical Services Ltd. • John F. Papp U.S. Bureau of Mines • Y.J. Park Amax Research Company • D.F. Paulonis United Technologies • Leander F. Pease III Powder-Tech Associates, Inc. • Thoni V. Philip TVP Inc. • Thomas A. PhillipsDepartment of the InteriorU.S. Bureau of Mines • K.E. Pinnow Crucible Research CenterCrucible Materials Corporation • Arnold Plant Samuel G. Keywell Company • Christopher Plummer The WEFA Group • J.A. Pojeta LTV Steel Company • R. Randall Rariton River Steel • P. Repas U.S.S. Technical CenterUSX Corporation • M.K. Repp The Timken Company • Richard Rice Battelle Memorial Institute • William L. Roberts Consultant • G.J. Roe Bethlehem Steel Corporation • Kurt Rohrbach Carpenter Technology Corporation • A.R. Rosenfield Battelle Memorial Institute • James A. Rossow Wyman-Gordon Company • C.P. Royer Exxon Production Research Company • Mamdouh M. Salama Conoco Inc. • Norman L. Samways Association of Iron and Steel Engineers • Gregory D. Sander Ring Screw Works • J.A. Schmidt Joseph T. Ryerson and Sons, Inc. • Michael Schmidt Carpenter Technology Corporation • W. Schuld Seneca Wire & Manufacturing Company • R.E. Schwer Cannon-Muskegon Corporation • Kay M. Shupe Bliss & Laughlin Steel Company • V.K. Sikka Oak Ridge National Laboratory • Steve Slavonic Teledyne Columbia-Summerill • Dale L. Smith Argonne National Laboratory • Richard B. Smith Western Steel DivisionStanadyne, Inc. • Dennis Smyth The Algoma Steel Corporation Ltd. • G.R. Speich Department of Metallurgical EngineeringIllinois Institute of Technology • Thomas Spry Commonwealth Edition • W. Stasko Crucible Materials CorporationCrucible Research Center • Doru M. Stefanescu The University of Alabama • Joseph R. Stephens Lewis Research CenterNational Aeronautics and Space Administration • P.A. Stine General Electric Company • N.S. Stoloff Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute • John R. Stubbles LTV Steel Company • D.K. Subramanyam Ergenics, Inc. • A.E. Swansiger ABC Rail Corporation • R.W. Swindeman Oak Ridge National Laboratory • N. Tepovich Connecticut Steel • Millicent H. Thomas LTV Steel Company • Geoff Tither Niobium Products Company, Inc. • George F. Vander Voort Carpenter Technology Corporation • Elgin Van Meter Empire-Detroit Steel DivisionCyclops Corporation • Krishna M. Vedula Materials Science & Engineering Department Case Western Reserve University • G.M. Waid The Timken Company • Charles F. Walton Consultant • Lee R. Walton Latrobe Steel Company • Yung-Shih Wang Exxon Production Research Company • S.D. Wasko Allegheny Ludlum Steel DivisionAllegheny Ludlum Corporation • J.R. Weeks Brookhaven National Laboratory • Charles V. White GMI Engineering and Management Institute • Alexander D. Wilson Lukens Steel Company • Peter H. Wright Chaparral Steel Company • B. Yalamanchili North Star Steel Texas Company • Z. Zimerman Bethlehem Steel Corporation Foreword For nearly 70 years the Metals Handbook has been one of the most widely read and respected sources of information on the subject of metals. Launched in 1923 as a single volume, it has remained a durable reference work, with each succeeding edition demonstrating a continuing upward trend in growth, in subject coverage, and in reader acceptance. As we enter the final decade of the 20th century, the ever-quickening pace of modern life has forced an increasing demand for timely and accurate technical information. Such a demand was the impetus for this, the 10th Edition of Metals Handbook. Since the publication of Volume 1 of the 9th Edition in 1978, there have been significant technological advances in the field of metallurgy. The goal of the present volume is to document these advances as they pertain to the properties and selection of cast irons, steels, and superalloys. A companion volume on properties and selection of nonferrous alloys, special-purpose materials, and pure metals will be published this autumn. Projected volumes in the 10th Edition will present expanded coverage on processing and fabrication of metals; testing, inspection, and failure analysis; microstructural analysis and materials characterization; and corrosion and wear phenomena (the latter a subject area new to the Handbook series). During the 12 years it took to complete the 17 volumes of the 9th Edition, the high standards for technical reliability and comprehensiveness for which Metals Handbook is internationally known were retained. Through the collective efforts of the ASM Handbook Committee, the editorial staff of the Handbook, and nearly 200 contributors from industry, research organizations, government establishments, and educational institutions, Volume 1 of the 10th Edition continues this legacy of excellence. • Klaus M. Zwilsky President ASM INTERNATIONAL • Edward L. Langer Managing Director ASM INTERNATIONAL Preface During the past decade, tremendous advances have taken place in the field of materials science. Rapid technological growth and development of composite materials, plastics, and ceramics combined with continued improvements in ferrous and nonferrous metals have made materials selection one of the most challenging endeavors for engineers. Yet the process of selection of materials has also evolved. No longer is a mere recitation of specifications, compositions, and properties adequate when dealing with this complex operation. Instead, information is needed that explains the correlation among the processing, structures, and properties of materials as well as their areas of use. It is the aim of this volume the first in the new 10th Edition series of Metals Handbook to present such data. Like the technology it documents, the Metals Handbook is also evolving. To be truly effective and valid as a reference work, each Edition of the Handbook must have its own identity. To merely repeat information, or to simply make superficial cosmetic changes, would be self-defeating. As such, utmost care and thought were brought to the task of planning the 10th Edition by both the ASM Handbook Committee and the Editorial Staff. To ensure that the 10th Edition continued the tradition of quality associated with the Handbook, it was agreed that it was necessary to: • Determine which subjects (articles) not included in previous Handbooks needed to be added to the 10th Edition • Determine which previously published articles needed only to be revised and/or expanded • Determine which previously published articles needed to be completely rewritten • Determine which areas needed to be de-emphasized • Identify and eliminate obsolete data The next step was to determine how the subject of properties selection should be addressed in the 10th Edition. Considering the information explosion that has taken place during the past 30 years, the single-volume approach used for Volume 1 of the 8th Edition (published in 1961) was not considered feasible. For the 9th Edition, three separate volumes on properties and selection were published from 1978 to 1980. This approach, however, was considered somewhat fragmented, particularly in regard to steels: carbon and low-alloy steels were covered in Volume 1, whereas tools steels, austenitic manganese steels, and stainless steels were described in Volume 3. After considering the various options, it was decided that the most logical and user-friendly approach would be to publish two comprehensive volumes on properties and selection. In the present volume, emphasis has been placed on cast irons, carbon and low-alloy steels, and high- performance alloys such as stainless steels and superalloys. A companion volume on properties and selection of nonferrous alloys and special-purpose materials will follow (see Table 1 for an abbreviated table of contents). Table 1 Abbreviated table of contents for Volume 2, 10th Edition, Metals Handbook Specific Metals and Alloys Wrought Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys Cast Aluminum Alloys Aluminum-Lithium Alloys Aluminum P/M Alloys Wrought Copper and Copper Alloys Cast Copper Alloys Copper P/M Products Nickel and Nickel Alloys Beryllium-Copper and Beryllium-Nickel Alloys Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys Tin and Tin Alloys Zinc and Zinc Alloys Lead and Lead Alloys Refractory Metals and Alloys Wrought Titanium and Titanium Alloys Cast Titanium Alloys Titanium P/M Alloys Zirconium and Hafnium Uranium and Uranium Alloys Beryllium Precious Metals Rare Earth Metals Germanium and Germanium Compounds Gallium and Gallium Compounds Indium and Bismuth Special-Purpose Materials Soft Magnetic Materials Permanent Magnet Materials Metallic Glasses Superconducting Materials Electrical Resistance Alloys Electric Contact Materials Thermocouple Materials Low Expansion Alloys Shape-Memory Alloys Materials For Sliding Bearings Metal-Matrix Composite Materials Ordered Intermetallics Cemented Carbides Cermets Superabrasives and Ultrahard Tool Materials Structural Ceramics Pure Metals Preparation and Characterization of Pure Metals Properties of Pure Metals Special Engineering Topics Recycling of Nonferrous Alloys Toxicity of Metals Principal Sections Volume 1 has been organized into seven major sections: • Cast Irons • Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels • Hardenability of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels • Fabrication Characteristics of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels • Service Characteristics of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels • Specialty Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys • Special Engineering Topics Of the 53 articles contained in these sections, 14 are new, 10 were completely rewritten, and the remaining articles have been substantially revised. A review of the content of the major sections is given below; highlighted are differences between the present volume and its 9th Edition predecessor. Table 2 summarizes the content of the principal sections. Table 2 Summary of contents for Volume 1, 10th Edition, Metals Handbook Section title Number of articles Pages Figures (a) Tables (b) References Cast Irons 6 104 155 81 108 Carbon and Low-Allow Steels 21 344 298 266 230 Hardenability of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 3 122 210 178 28 Fabrication Characteristics of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 4 44 56 10 85 Service Characteristics of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels 6 140 219 22 567 Specialty Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys 11 252 249 163 358 Special Engineering Topics 2 27 29 11 50 Totals 53 1033 1216 731 1426 (a) Total number of figure captions; some figures may include more than one illustration. (b) Does not include unnumbered in-text tables or tables that are part of figures Cast irons are described in six articles. The introductory article on "Classification and Basic Metallurgy of Cast Irons" was completely rewritten for the 10th Edition. The article on "Compacted Graphite Iron" is new to the Handbook. Both of these contributions were authored by D.M. Stefanescu (The University of Alabama), who served as Chairman of Volume 15, Casting, of the 9th Edition. The remaining four articles contain new information on materials (for example, austempered ductile iron) and testing (for example, dynamic tear testing). Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels. Key additions to this section include articles that explain the relationships among processing (both melt and rolling processes), microstructures, and properties of steels. Of particular note is the article by G. Krauss (Colorado School of Mines) on pages 126 to 139 and the various articles on high-strength low-alloy steels. Other highlights include an extensive tabular compilation that cross-references SAE-AISI steels to their international counterparts (see the article "Classification and Designation of Steels") and an article on "Bearing Steels" that compares both case-hardened and through-hardened bearing materials. Hardenability of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels. Following articles that introduce H-steels and describe hardenability concepts, including test procedures to determine the hardening response of steels, a comprehensive collection of hardenability curves is presented. Both English and metric hardenability curves are provided for some 86 steels. Fabrication Characteristics. Sheet formability, forgeability, machinability, and weldability are described next. The article on bulk formability, which emphasizes recent studies on HSLA forging steels, is new to the Handbook series. The material on weldability was completely rewritten and occupies nearly four times the space allotted in the 9th Edition. Service Characteristics. The influence of various in-service environments on the properties of steels is one of the most widely studied subjects in metallurgy. Among the topics described in this section are elevated-temperature creep properties, low-temperature fracture toughness, fatigue properties, and impact toughness. A new article also describes the deleterious effect of neutron irradiation on alloy and stainless steels. Of critical importance to this section, however, is the definitive treatise on "Embrittlement of Steels" written by G.F. Vander Voort (Carpenter Technology Corporation). Featuring more than 75 graphs and 372 references, this 48-page article explores the causes and effects of both thermal and environmental degradation on a wide variety of steels. Compared with the 9th Edition on the same subject, this represents a nearly tenfold increase in coverage. Specialty Steels and Heat-Resistant Alloys. Eleven articles on wrought, cast, and powder metallurgy materials for specialty and/or high-performance applications make up this section. Alloy development and selection criteria as related to corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant steels and superalloys are well documented. More than 100 pages are devoted to stainless steels, while three new articles have been written on superalloys including one on newly developed directionally solidified and single-crystal nickel-base alloys used for aerospace engine applications. Special Engineering Topics. The final section examines two subjects that are becoming increasingly important to the engineering community: (1) the availability and supply of strategic materials, such as chromium and cobalt, used in [...]... forwarded to ASM International Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data (for Print Volume) Metals Handbook/ Prepared under the direction of the ASM International Handbook Committee _10th ed Includes bibliographies and indexes Contents: v 1 Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys 1 Metals Handbooks, manuals, etc I ASM International Handbook Committee II Title: ASM Handbook. .. for the care and quality brought to printing the Handbook, and to Precision Graphics, Don O Tech, Accurate Art, and HaDel Studio for their attention to detail during preparation of Handbook artwork Their combined efforts have resulted in a significant and lasting contribution to the metals industry The Editors General Information Officers and Trustees of ASM INTERNATIONAL (1990-1991) • • • • • Klaus M... Sanders, Scott Henry, Grace Davidson, Randall Boring, Robert Braddock, and Kathleen Dragolich The electronic version was prepared under the direction of William W Scott, Jr., Technical Director, and Michael J DeHaemer, Managing Director Copyright Information (for Print Volume) Copyright © 1990 by ASM International All Rights Reserved Metals Handbook is a collective effort involving thousands of technical... for any claims that may arise Nothing contained in the Metals Handbook shall be construed as a grant of any right of manufacture, sale, use, or reproduction, in connection with any method, process, apparatus, product, composition, or system, whether or not covered by letters patent, copyright, or trademark, and nothing contained in the Metals Handbook shall be construed as a defense against any alleged... to the ASM Handbook Committee and its capable Chairman, Dennis D Huffman (The Timken Company) The ideas and suggestions provided by members of the committee proved invaluable during the two years of planning required for the 10th edition Lastly, we would like to acknowledge the efforts of those companies who have worked closely with ASM' s editorial and production staff on this and many other Handbook. .. in Table 1 A classification of cast irons by their commercial names and structure is also given in the article "Classification of Ferrous Casting Alloys" in Casting, Volume 15 of ASM Handbook, formerly 9th Edition Metals Handbook Table 1 Classification of cast iron by commercial designation, microstructure, and fracture Commercial designation Carbon-rich phase Matrix(a) Fracture Final structure after... the metallurgy of cast irons are available in separate articles in this Volume describing certain types of cast irons The Section "Ferrous Casting Alloys" in Casting, Volume 15 of ASM Handbook, formerly 9th Edition Metals Handbook, also contains more detailed descriptions on the metallurgy of cast irons Gray Iron (Flake Graphite Iron) The composition of gray iron must be selected in such a way as to... P) - 0.027(% Mn) + 0.4(% S) (Eq 1) Additional information on carbon equivalent is available in the article "Thermodynamic Properties of Iron-Base Alloys" in Casting, Volume 15 of ASM Handbook, formerly 9th Edition Metals Handbook Although increasing the carbon and silicon contents improves the graphitization potential and therefore decreases the chilling tendency, the strength is adversely affected... element (see the section "Influence of a Third Element on Carbon Solubility in the FeC-X System" in the article "Thermodynamic Properties of Iron-Base Alloys" in Casting, Volume 15 of ASM Handbook, formerly 9th Edition Metals Handbook Although listed as a graphitizer (which may be true thermodynamically), phosphorus also acts as a matrix hardener Above its solubility level (probably about 0.08%), phosphorus... and/or rare earths) and antispheroidizing (titanium and/or aluminum) elements Additional information is available in the article "Compacted Graphite Irons" in Casting, Volume 15 of ASM Handbook, formerly 9th Edition Metals Handbook Fig 17 Effect of carbon equivalent on the tensile strength of flake, compacted, and spheroidal graphite irons cast in 30 mm (1.2 in.) diam bars Source: Ref 9 The cooling . and High-Performance Alloys. 1. Metals Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. ASM International. Handbook Committee. II. Title: ASM Handbook. TA459.M43 1990 620.1'6. which Metals Handbook is internationally known were retained. Through the collective efforts of the ASM Handbook Committee, the editorial staff of the Handbook,