  Bài giảng 15c: Bảng câu hỏi CVM Trương Đăng Thụy   Typical Workplan for SP Study Initial Research Choice of survey method & valuation technique Choice of population & sample Questionnaire Design Test the questionnaire & conduct main survey Econometric Analysis Validity & Reliability testing Aggregation and reporting What question is being answered? What is the object being valued? What is the survey method? Contingent valuation or choice modeling? Database coded & transferred to econometrics experts Focus group Re-design questionnaire Pre-test survey Re-design questionnaire Conduct main survey What form of question? What elicitation format? What payment vehicle? What is the target population? What kind of sample should be selected? Do the results meet validity & reliability tests? Aggregation to the target population & reporting Questionnaire Design  “. . .respondents give answers that are inconsistent with the tenets of rational choice, that these respondents do not understand what is it they are being asked to value (and, thus, that stated values reflect more than that which they are being asked to value), that respondents fail to take CV questions seriously because the result of the surveys are not binding, and raise other objections as well.”   ! An outstanding feature of the lower Mekong region is the dynamic energy of its natural systems. The natural dynamics of the region is one of its most important development assets to be safeguarded and maintained. The essential role of ecosystems in their natural state for maintaining the stability and productivity of local economies and social systems is becoming increasingly evident in the Mekong region. Around 80 per cent of its population is directly dependent on the productive capacity of healthy natural systems. The relationship between water resources and protected areas in particular is of growing significance to the regional economy.  !  Governments of the region appear to have recognized that the protection and maintenance of its remaining natural systems is essential to national welfare. The natural systems which are the foundation for regional development cross national borders. Some of the most important protected areas are adjacent to others in neighboring countries. Suppose a Regional Protected Area Conservation Program would mean that you and other households in Cambodia, Lao, Thailand and Vietnam would pay a fixed monthly fee of US$2 per month. The money raised would go to the Lower Mekong Region Protection Trust Fund.  !  Would you be willing to pay US$2/month for the Regional Protected Area Conservation Program for Lower Mekong protection? ___Yes ___No If yes, why are you willing to pay? If no, why are you not willing to pay? (Pls. specify your one major reason) Possible Problems • Individuals answer willingness-to-pay questions inaccurately due: – To failure in understanding because the questionnaire is poorly designed (vague or insufficient vital information) – To problems with survey administration (e.g. poorly trained enumerators) "#$ %&#'( ) Key element in SP: properly designed questionnaire ) Should make respondent * !+ * ,+ * #,+ , ) Principal Challenge: make scenario understandable, plausible, & meaningful Stages of SP Questionnaire Design Stages of SP Questionnaire Design First stage: Formulating the valuation problem - Policy change being valued - Valuation scenario (Method of provision, Payment vehicle, Decision rule, Time frame of payment) - Response Format Second stage: Additional questions - Debriefing & follow-up questions (screen protest & misleading responses) - Attitudes, opinion, knowledge & uses - Demographics - Questionnaire structure Third stage: Pre-testing the questionnaire - Focus groups, re-design questionnaire, pre-test, re-design again [...]... picture for each of these measures) - Reforest a bigger area in the watershed per year; - Employ sustainable upland farming technology and refrain from any cutting of trees; – – Invest in agro-forestry activities; Install soil erosion control structures (vegetative and engineering) In the short term, these will help reduce or eliminate illegal logging, kaingin (slash-and-burn cultivation), forest fires,... cards & dichotomous choice formats • Advantages – Payment Card: informative and may be cheaper to implement – Dichotomous choice: (1) Individuals used to making choices on take-it-or-leave it basis; (2) easier to answer “yes - no” than give a $ value; (3) is incentivecompatible—respondents best strategy is to give truthful answer Budget Reminder Please don’t agree to pay an amount if you think you... Individual or household payment Note: Reference income to be elicited in the survey should be consistent with the unit of analysis d Timing of payment - One lump (1-time K expenditure); yearly, monthly, daily, per visit (goods continually provided) - Frequency has effect on WTP Valuation Scenario: 3 Method of Payment: Benefit Measures WTP to secure a gain Would you be willing to pay 5000 kip/mo for... change Change to be valued Damages caused in a river from increased water abstraction Problems - Scientific uncertainty regarding physical changes caused by abstractions - Difficulty in describing wide range of changes in flora, fauna, etc - Damages may be different in different stretches of the river What then is usually valued Physical descriptions of changes • in resource conditions frequently are... physical changes affect well-being; • It may be difficult to get those in charge of a policy or project that will lead to the change to be valued to commit to what the project will actually do; • Difficult to convey the effects of policy change; Example of Problems in defining policy change Change to be valued Damages caused in a river from increased water abstraction Problems - Scientific uncertainty... questionnaire However, you may consult with other members of your household when answering the questionnaire if you wish “ Formulating the Valuation Problem Elicitation Method Elicitation Format • Open-ended – asks directly the maximum amount the respondent is willing to pay • Payment card – shows a card that indicates a sequence of prices and allows the respondents to choose one • Bidding Game – proposes .   Bài giảng 15c: Bảng câu hỏi CVM Trương Đăng Thụy   . structure Third stage: Pre-testing the questionnaire - Focus groups, re-design questionnaire, pre-test, re-design again   -  . +.,