... charged cell pairs are assembled in a stack to achieve a practical module (Lee and Koros, 20 02; Strathmann, 19 92) . Electrodialysis reversal (EDR) operates according to the same principles, but periodically ... al., 20 02) ; however, ongoing studies have shown that recovery can decrease at lower pathogen concentrations (S. Thompson, Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County, personal communication, 20 03). ... seawater feed at 22 ºC, the required feed pressure will be about 65 bar (940 psi). If the system would utilize a 100 percent efficient pumping and energy recovery FIGURE 3 -2 Cost structure for...