... extend-ing from Grotius to Vattel, with its dualistic character, will be referred to(for lack of a generally accepted label) as the mainstream tradition ofinternational law.The new prominence of ... of the over-allnational interest, in place of the feudal levies and ad hoc calls to arms ofthe general population that had characterised medieval warfare. Theinnovator in this regard was the ... new standing armies were so expensivethat rulers were often loath to take undue risks with them. Generalsoften avoided pitched battles where possible because of the risk of thedestruction of...