... axiomatically. This is the so-called non-tangling condition of Wall (1 972 ), which derives a basic assumption of Chomsky (1 975 ): there are no discontinuous constituents.30 A9. Non-tangling condition:(8wxyz ... terminals u, v. In Carnie (2006c), I informally present the non-tangling constraint as the no-crossing- branches constraint: (ii) No-crossing-branches constraint If one node X preced...
... sort of ‘ part of’’ relation. So in (9a, b) the N is a part of NP. The reverse is not true, NP is not a part of N. So in (9a), we assert that man is a part of N, but that N is not a part of man. ... of course, a part of itself (hence the intuition that domination is reXexive). N dominates N, so N is part of N. The part- of quality of domination tells us that when two nodes are...
... the sisterhood relation or symmetric c-command: ( 17) Symmetric c-command A symmetrically c-commands B, if A c-commands B and B c-commands A. Asymmetric c-command is the kind that holds between ... 47, attributed to Ed Keenan): (13) (a) namono azy ny anadahin-dRakoto kill him the sister-of-Rakoto ‘‘Rakoto i ’s sister killed him i .’’ (b) *namono ny anadahin-dRakoto izy kill the sister-of-Rako...
... indeed occur under a c-command-like structural
relation, then clearly m-command is most appropriate. In the trees in
(34) the case assigning node m-commands—but does not c-command—
the NP it assigns ... discuss
the i-within-i facts. It is a relatively minor change to Wx their deWnitions so that it includes
this condition.
60 preliminaries
5
Capturing Constituent
Structure:
Phrase Structu...
... invented much
later by Lasnik and Kupin (1 977 )andKupin(1 978 ): the monostring.
Monostrings are those elements in the P-marker that consist of exactly
one non-terminal and any number (including Ø) ... Chomsky’s (19 57) formalization of phrase structure grammars.
5.2 Phrase structure grammars
In his early unpublished work (the Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory
(LSLT), later publis...
... surface order from a very abstract structure
using movement operations.
82 phrase structure grammars and x-bar
5.4.2 Context-free and context-sensitive phrase structure
grammars
Let us distinguish ... GPSG: Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar (which, iron-
ically, at least in its most recent incarnations is not a phrase structure grammar in any
recognizable form at all), this arbor...
... he
þN
ÀV
þpronoun
þ3person
Àplural
þmasculine
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
The traditions of LFG and HPSG use a diVerent notation: the Attri-
bute Value Matrix (AVM). AVMs put the feature (also ... is
represented by their left-to-right organization in the rule. In versions
of PSG that are primarily tree-geometric rather than being based on
P-markers or RPMs, the...
... structure grammars and x-bar
(26) f
1
, f
3
, f
6
pred ‘love hsubj, obji’
tense present
subj f
2
, f
4
, f
5
def þ
num sng
pred ‘cat’
obj f
7
, f
8
pred ‘tuna’
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
4
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
Typically, ... LFG
Lexical-Functional Grammar uses a similar semantic extension to the
constituent structure (or c -structure as it is called in LFG): the f -structure,
which is sim...
... subj)
6 .7. 3 Summary
The extensions to constituent structure/ phrase structure suggested in
this section all make reference to mapping the constituent structure
onto some kind of enriched semantic structure. ... structure.
extended phrase structure grammars 111
7
X-bar Theory
7. 1 Introduction
Phrase structure grammars and their extensions provide us with
powerful tools fo...
... discussion of how this insight is retained in the
minimalist non-X-bar-theoretic Bare Phrase Structure system.
120 phrase structure grammars and x-bar
(60) (a) XP ! (YP) X’ or XP ! X’ (YP)
(b) X’ ! X’ ... and
Crain (1990).
7. 2.6 Summary
In this section, we have surveyed some of the motivations for X-bar
theory as well as one particular formulation of the X-bar schema itself.
Phrase str...