... readers of more advanced proficiency level perceived "global" or top-down strategies as more effective. With the Spanish as a L2 group, she found that at the lower proficiency levels, ... learning English and their self-assessed English proficiency. Total number of participantGender Age (years)Number of years learning EnglishEnglish proficiency Male Female 19 20 21 4 7 8 10 ElementaryPre-intermediate32 ... The participants were identified as non-proficient readers because they failed a college reading proficiency test before they study. Subjects read two exploratory passages selected from an introductory...