Electric Power and Energy

Tài liệu ENERGY, POWER, AND POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY P1 pdf

... velocity of sound Condensed and in some cases converted from U.S Standard Atmosphere 1976, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Washington, ... °E Lange, L F Sokol, and V Antoine, Information on the Metric System and Related Fields, 6th ed., G C Marshall Space Flight Center, AL (exhaustive bibliography); C H Page and P Vigoureux, The ... liquid Condensed, converted, and interpolated from the tables of M P Vukalovich, A I Ivanov, L R Fokin, and A T Yakovlev, Thermophysical Properties of Mercury, Standartov, Moscow, USSR, 1971...

Tài liệu ENERGY, POWER, AND POLLUTION CONTROL TECHNOLOGY P2 docx

... products and R reactants, s signifies sensible enthalpy, and the bhs are looked up in the table for the appropriate temperatures If the actual reaction was C2H2 + U/2O2 -» 2CO2 + H2O + 3O2 then W = and ... Converted and usually rounded off from JANAF Thermochemical Tables, NSRDS-NBS-37, 1971 foTo illustrate the term sensible enthalpy, which is the difference between the actual enthalpy and the enthalpy ... transfer, in kJ/kg • mol fuel and in kJ/kg fuel, will be calculated for the steady-state combustion of acetylene in excess oxygen, the reactants entering at 298.15 K and the products leaving at...

A reliability data base for performance and predictive assessment of electric power systems

... Statistics, Canadian Electrical Asso~iation, Instruction Manual for Reporting Generation Equipment Outage Data, Canadian Electrical Association, Montreal Billinton R and Allan R N 1984 Reliability ... Billinton, R., Debnath, K., Oprisan, M and Clark, I M., April 1990, "The Canadian National Data Base for Reliability Evaluation and Assessment" , Proceedings 11th Advances in Reliability Technology ... curtailment and the average duration of such a curtailment This information can be obtained from a frequency and duration analysis The additional parameters required for such an analysis are...

System and load points reliability evaluation for electric power systems

... dc power flow analysis A system and load points reliability evaluation method for composite generation and transmission systems operating economically and securely is presented In addition to system ... system reliability, load points reliability is evaluated as well Being aware of load points reliability helps understand the reliability profile over the whole system and is essential to flexible reliability ... on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol 83, No 7, pp 695-702, 1964 [3] J Endrenyi, "Three-State Models in Power System Reliability Evaluation, " IEEE Trans on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol 90, No...

Tài liệu Báo cáo " Land resources usage and agricultural production organization for resettled people in Son La hydro-electric power station project (Case study in Yen Chau District, Son La Province)" doc

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electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (2)

... during peak and emergency conditions, performing coordination studies that include source and low side protection equipment, and expected transformer size and winding conﬁguration (ANSI=IEEE, ... maintenance and cost advantages found with power fuses Protection and control devices, circuit breakers, and station batteries are required The overcurrent relays are a small part of the total cost and ... to Overexcitation: Transformer core ﬂux density (B), induced voltage (V), and frequency (f) are related by the following formula B ¼ k1 Á V f (1 :1) where K1 is a constant for a particular transformer...

electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (3)

... (1 ) the real power is below a negative pre-set threshold SET_1, (2 ) the steam valve or a differential pressure switch is closed (either condition indicating the removal of the prime-mover), (3 ) ... computation as shown in Eq (2 .8) would be performed ANSI=IEEE standard limits are 1.05 pu for generators and 1.05 for transformers (on transformer secondary base, at rated load, 0.8 power factor or greater; ... generation and load on an electrical network, the network frequency will be stable and the internal angle of the generators will remain constant with respect to each other If an imbalance (loss of generation,...

electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (4)

... distance A B Rab Rba C Rbc Rcb (b) FIGURE 3.8 Three-zone step distance relaying to protect 100% of a line and backup the neighboring line (From Horowitz, S.H and Phadke, A.G., Power System Relaying, ... multiphase fault between phases x and y, Ex À Ey ¼ Z1 Ix À Iy (3 :1) where x and y can be a, b, or c and Z1 is the positive sequence impedance between the relay location and the fault For ground distance ... those lines operating at 138 kV and above, subtransmission lines are 34.5 kV to 138 kV, and distribution lines are below 34.5 kV These are not rigid deﬁnitions and are only used to generically...

electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (5)

... and are available under two similar standards: (a) Sonet (synchronous optical networks) is the American System under ANSI T1.105 and Bellcore GR standards; (b) synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) ... bandwidth, usually expressed in bits per second (BPS), latency in data transmission, reliability, and communication error handling Presently, electrical utilities use a combination of analog and ... projection onto the PQ plane (a bold curve) It can be observed that: (a) there may be many possible trajectories to (and points of) voltage collapse; (b) active and reactive power margins depend on...

electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (6)

... t2 ð t1 v(t)dt ¼ R t2 ð i(t)dt þ L(i(t2 ) À i(t1 )) (5 :33) t1 t2 ð v(t)dt ¼ R i(t)dt þ L(i(t2 ) À i(t1 )) (5 :34) t1 R and L are given by " # (vkþ1 þ vk )(ikþ2 À ikþ1 ) À (vkþ2 þ vkþ1 )(ikþ1 À ... Eq (5 .38) t2 ð v(t)dt À L[i(t2 ) À i(t1 )] ¼ L(t2 ) À L(t1 ) (5 :39) t1 gives L(t2 ) À L(t1 ) ¼ T [v(t2 ) þ v(t1 )] À L[i(t2 ) À i(t1 )] (5 :40) or T Lkþ1 ¼ Lk þ [vkþ1 þ vk ] À L[ikþ1 À ik ] (5 :41) ... Francis Group, LLC s1 (t) ¼ cos (v0 t) s2 (t) ¼ sin (v0 t) s3 (t) ¼ cos (2 v0 t) s4 (t) ¼ sin (2 v0 t) sNÀ1 (t) ¼ cos (Nv0 t=2) sN (t) ¼ sin (Nv0 t=2) (5 :27) NÀ1 X ^ y cos (pnu) Y Cp ¼ N n¼0 n...

electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (7)

... good ( ‘A’’) block signal and questionable ( ‘B’’) block signal The good block signal is shown as one that blocks (comes ‘‘on’’) within a fraction of a cycle after the fault is detected and unblocks ... classifying operations as good (A) or questionable (B) as shown in Fig 6.2 The ﬁrst fault current waveform (upper left) is classiﬁed as A because it is sinusoidal in nature and cleared in cycles This ... transformer (CT) saturation This phenomenon is prevalent in current circuits and can cause problems in differential and polarizing circuits The top waveform is an example of a direct current (DC) offset...

electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (8)

... understanding of the electric power industry’s practices with regard to system stability Power system stability was ﬁrst recognized as an important problem in the 1920s (Steinmetz, 1920; Evans and ... Design and Operation For reliable service, a power system must remain intact and be capable of withstanding a wide variety of disturbances Owing to economic and technical limitations, no power ... rotor angle instability and voltage instability go hand in hand One may lead to the other, and the distinction may not be clear However, distinguishing between angle stability and voltage stability...

electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (9)

... tc2 t (s) t (s) (a) (b) FIGURE 8.7 Rotor response (deﬁned by the swing equation) superimposed on the power angle curve for an unstable case (A1 ¼ A2) and the rotor angle reaches a maximum and recovers ... equation as given by Eq (8 .7) and interchanging per unit power for torque d2 d v (Pm À Pe ) ¼ dt 2H (8 :10) Multiplying both sides by 2d=dt and integrating gives d ð dd v0 (Pm À Pe ) ¼ dd or dt ... — Post-fault e d b d dm d0 d tc1 dc d dm d tc1 t (s) t (s) (a) (b) FIGURE 8.6 Rotor response (deﬁned by the swing equation) superimposed on the power angle curve for a stable case P Pe — Pre-fault...

electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (10)

... exponential terms of the form elj t and e(lk þll )t : xi (t) ¼ n X j¼1 uij zj0 e lj t þ n X j¼1 uij " n n XX k¼1 l¼1 C j kl zk zl0 e(lk þll )t lk þ ll À lj # (9 :2) lk, ll, and lj are the system modes, ... J., and Fortin, S., A minimal realization approach to reduced-order modeling and modal analysis for power system response signals, IEEE Trans Power Systems, 8(3 ), 1020–1029, 1993 Kundur, P., Power ... Trans Power Systems, 5(4 ), 1455–1469, November 1990 Martins, N and Quintao, P.E.M., Computing dominant poles of power system multivariable transfer functions, IEEE Trans Power Systems, 1 8(1 ),...

electric power generation, transmission, and distribution ( (11)

... including real (P) and reactive (Q) power dynamics, are dx ¼ Ps (V ) À P, P ¼ xPt (V ) dt dy ¼ Qs (V ) À Q, Q ¼ yQ t (V ) Tq dt Q t (V ) ¼ V b , Pt (V ) ¼ V a , Ps (V ) ¼ Po V a ; Tp Qs (V ) ¼ Q o ... reactive power demand (or injection) at the receiving end 0.2 while maintaining the real power and the sending end voltage constant The relation between the receiv(1) (2 ) ing end voltage and the ... the reader and are thoroughly described by Mansour (1 993), Lof et al (1 992, 1993), Gao et al ˜ (1 992), and Canizares (2 002) 10.2 Analytical Framework The slow nature of the network and load response...

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