... individual and the characteristics of both the job and the organization, 2) the existing structure and supervision of the job, 3) the existence of clear, meaningful goals for jobs and the organization, ... involvement and commitment and their greater control over and say in their work, they work harder (Pfeffer 1998: 33) They also work harder because of contingent compensation that rewards these efforts and ... an Understanding of HPWS Behavioral Economics To add to our understanding of the superiority of HPWS, it is important to start with x-efficiency theory, an important branch of behavioral economics...