... Sunyer J Epidemiology of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease European Respiratory Journal 2001; 17: 982-994 Dahl R, Lofdahl CG The economic impact of COPD in North America and Europe Analysis ... mapping of population density, major roads, air pollution data, can, depending on the needs of researchers and planners, be easily included In addition, by using spatial modeling our analysis ... underpins the basis of probability theory [18, 19] Gotway and Young [17] outline a combination of spatial smoothing and geostatistical upscaling or aggregation of data with point support to avoid statistical...