... Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol 54, No 11, pp 1551–1555 Dueker, K.J., 1987, Geographic Information Systems and Computer Aided Mapping, APA Journal, Vol 53, No 3, pp 383–390 Joffe, B.A and ... the size of gird cells in a raster exponentially increases the database size With the growing usage of Geographic Information Systems, there is a corresponding need for standardization Standardization ... it has the same information that 6th and 7th intersect Central Avenue, the directed flow of traffic on these streets, and the distinction of areas on the left and right side of a line This case...