... as investment in other forms of education Of course, we not mean to suggest that the choice is either to invest in language skills or in other forms of education In fact, one of the key findings ... those who happened to cross the cutoff between not speaking and speaking the language and those who did not cross the cutoff In that case, the estimated return using the longitudinal data would ... Using the longitudinal data, the estimated return is the return to language skill multiplied by the difference in the average change in the language knowledge of those who report crossing the...