Fouling development in full scale RO process, characterization and modeling
Fouling development in full scale RO process, characterization and modeling
... full- scale RO processes and substantial savings in time and resources can be made Keywords: Fouling, Fouling index, Fouling potential, Full- scale RO system, Normalization, Permeate flux decline, ... a full- scale RO system and this will be extremely useful in full- scale system design 19 Chapter Modelling of Membrane Fouling in Full- Scale RO System Chapter Modelling of Membrane Fouling in Full- Scale ... osmosis 2.2 Fouling 2.2.1 Colloidal fouling 2.2.2 Organic fouling 10 2.2.3 Inorganic fouling (or scaling) 12 2.2.4 Biological fouling 12 2.3 Modelling of Membrane Fouling in Full- Scale System...
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Plant process characterization and PID
... as the basic characteristic of the plant, as shown in figure The transfer function is used to understand the plant in used Figure 1.4: Transfer function of the plant Discussion In the initial tasks ... by randomly manipulating the PID variables, of the closed loop system, we achieved our desired curve Figure 1.6, which is the given response, and figure 1.7, which is our created response, and ... response without overshooting and ringing, known as critical damping When the damping ratio is between one and zero, we can see a fast response with overshooting and ringing, this is called under...
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Biogas development in the u s current trends and future opportunities
... comparing the successes of United States' and European countries' initiatives CHAIPTER RESOURCES FOR BIOGAS DEVELOPMENT IN THE U. S In this chapter I discuss the current opportunities available in ... in the U. S and apply successful European strategies to this end Ultimately, this thesis applies the outcome of this research to U. S social and economic systems in order to determine the most suitable ... section assesses the current level of biogas development in the U. S. , lessoins learned from abroad, and barriers to development in the U. S It culminates in a set of recommendations to improve the integration...
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Ferroelectrics Characterization and Modeling Part 1 pdf
... functions The positions of the three peaks are determined to be 711 2.8, 711 4.2 and 711 6.9 eV for sample A, and 711 2.6, 711 3.9 and 711 6.8 eV for sample B, respectively All the three peaks of sample ... GPa), the (11 0) and (200) peak become broader, the intensity of ( 210 ) and ( 211 ) peaks start to decrease from 5 .17 GPa On further increasing pressure, the intensity of ( 210 ) and ( 211 ) peaks become ... Shvartsman and Wolfgang Kleemann Chapter 10 Non-Linear Dielectric Response of Ferroelectrics, Relaxors and Dipolar Glasses 18 1 Seweryn Miga, Jan Dec and Wolfgang Kleemann Chapter 11 13 5 Ferroelectrics...
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Ferroelectrics Characterization and Modeling Part 2 docx
... 121 . 02 128 .94 122 .90 125 .3 122 .15 120 .36 121 .39 121 .22 116 .29 141.30 120 .05 116.10 115 .29 147. 02 110.30 122 .44 125 . 72 131.97 128 .25 133.31 110.44 133 .21 117.38 125 .70 125 .29 126 .73 126 .31 125 .97 ... 1.090 1 .21 58 1 .26 50 1.34 32 1 .24 12 1.3 526 1.000 1.000 1.0899 1.0900 1.0900 (Im+)3 BiCl6 LanL2Dz 1 .26 9 1 .21 6 1.3 52 1 .24 1 1.343 1 .24 1 1 .26 5 1.365 1. 328 1.374 1 .25 6 1 .27 6 1. 329 1 .29 8 1.338 1 .25 8 1.333 ... 6-311G* (Im)+ LanL2Dz 1 .21 56 1 .25 90 1.34 32 1 .24 13 1.3 524 1.0000 1.0000 1.0900 1.0900 1.009 1 .21 56 1 .26 90 1.34 32 1 .24 12 1.3 524 1.000 1.000 1.091 1.090 1.0899 1 .25 02 1 .27 59 1. 329 0 1 .29 77 1.3380 1.000...
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Ferroelectrics Characterization and Modeling Part 3 docx
... J, and Viehland, D (20 03) Ultrahigh Magnetic Field Sensitivity in Laminates of Terfenol-D and Pb(Mg1/3Nb2 /3) O3-PbTiO3 Appl Phys Lett.; 83 [11] pp 2265-2267 Dong S, Li J, and Viehland D (20 03) ... equation for the longitudinal ME coefficient (Bichurin, 20 03) : αE, 33 = × μ0 kv(1 − v) p d31 m q31 E3 =2 p × p H3 {2 d31 (1 − v)+ ε 33 [( p s11 + p s12 )( v − 1)− v( m s11 + m s12 )]} [( p s11 ... polarization and strain as a function of electric field 3. 3 Ferromagnetic and magnetoelectric characterization Figure shows the magnetic properties for sintered BT – 30 CFO, BT – 35 CFO and BTO – 33 .5...
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Ferroelectrics Characterization and Modeling Part 4 ppt
... [38] [39] [40 ] [41 ] [42 ] [43 ] [44 ] [45 ] [46 ] [47 ] [48 ] [49 ] [50] [51] [52] [53] [ 54] [55] [56] [57] [58] Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling Ferroelectrics Devonshire, A F (1 949 ) Philosophical ... 0.0 46 6 46 4 46 2 46 0 45 8 45 6 45 4 Binding Energy (eV) Fig 10 Photographs of (111) twinned BaTiO3 nanoparticles (a), the corresponding UV-vis absorption spectra (b) and XPS spectra (c) before and ... B 1991, 44 , 42 -46 [48 ] Joos, B.; Duesbery, M S Phys Rev Lett 1997, 78, 266-269 [49 ] Watt, J P.; Peselnick, L J Appl Phys 1980, 51, 1525-1531 1 14 Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling...
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Ferroelectrics Characterization and Modeling Part 5 docx
... of Pb2Ru2O6 .5 d33(pC/N) 50 40 30 16 .5 vol % 12 .5 vol % 15. 5 vol % 20 10 PZT−Pb2Ru2O6 .5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Epoling(kV/cm) Fig 12 Piezoelectric coefficient d33 in various PZT-Pb2Ru2O6 .5 samples, ... supported by the Slovenian Research Agency under project J1- 953 4 and program P2-01 05- 0106/ 05 and under European project FP NMP3-CT-20 05- 5 157 57 We thank to Prof Horst Beige from the Martin-Luther University ... 2001, pp 154 1- 154 4, ISSN 09 35- 9648 Petzelt, J & Rychetsky, I (20 05) Effective dielectric function in high-permittivity ceramics and films Ferroelectrics, Vol 316, 20 05, pp 89- 95, ISSN 00 15- 0193...
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Ferroelectrics Characterization and Modeling Part 6 pptx
... 9 .6 0.3 4.5±0.1 C [103A/(m⋅K)] 20.72±0.22 18. 16 0. 16 19.53±0.13 6. 56 0. 06 6.99±0.10 3.19±0.02 D [A/m] -28.7±2.2 - 16. 4±0.9 - 16. 6±1.0 -4.5±0.4 -31.4±0.4 -54 .6 0.3 Table Best-fit parameters of the data ... phase and χ ( E) − 3 + = 27ε BE2 χ (E)χ (0) χ (0) (13) 1 86 Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling for the ferroelectric one χ(E) and χ(0) are the susceptibilities for bias, E, and zero ... were similar to those which were described in pure CuInP2S6 crystals and explained by the 1 76 Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling interaction of the elastic wave with polarization...
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Ferroelectrics Characterization and Modeling Part 7 pdf
... Materials, Ferroelectrics, Vol 82, 1988, pp 91- 97 Vendik, O G (Ed.) (1 979 ) Ferroelectrics at Microwaves, Soviet Radio, Moscow, Russia (in Russian) 226 Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling ... dependencies of domain structure and ferroelectric properties, and correlates physical properties, namely lattice 230 Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling parameters and the volume fractions ... parameters ε′ and ε″ Real and imaginary parts of scattering parameters are separated numerically and treated as an independent, i.e the fitting is applied to both real and imaginary parts Proper...
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Ferroelectrics Characterization and Modeling Part 8 doc
... 256 Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling and 307 cm-1 bands in BaTi1-yCayO3 Fig.9 shows the bands 299, 520 and 723 cm -1 were independent of the formation of CaBa and CaTi in Bi-BCT and ... relationships for films with various Zr/(Zr+Ti) ratio and film thickness 120 80 40 -40 -80 -120 120 80 40 -40 -80 -120 120 80 40 -40 -80 -120 120 80 40 -40 -80 -120 (e) 0.35 (f) 0.53 (g) 0.63 (h) -400 ... Thickness and Zr/(Zr+Ti) Ratio for Epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 films Grown on (100)cSrRuO3//(100)SrTiO3 Substrates… 239 120 80 40 -40 -80 -120 120 80 40 -40 -80 -120 120 80 40 -40 -80 -120 120 80 40 -40 -80 ...
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Ferroelectrics Characterization and Modeling Part 9 pot
... G.( 198 9) Theory of Photopyroelectric Method for Investigation of Optical and Thermal Materials Properties Physical Review, Vol B40, No 14, (November 198 9), pp 96 06 -96 17, ISSN 1 098 -0121 Clark N and ... several particular cases were obtained, in which the information is contained both in the amplitude and phase of the PPE signal (Mandelis & Zver, 198 5; Chirtoc & Mihailescu, 198 9); the amplitude and ... LC cell exhibits a uniform texture, and we have not observed any “up” and “down” polarization domains coexistence 292 Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling In the previous section, the...
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Ferroelectrics Characterization and Modeling Part 10 pot
... 0.62±0.09 eV Zn2p (a) ZnO: Zn2p (b) STO: Ti2p 102 1.69 eV 458.30 eV Intensity (arb units) 101 0 101 5 102 0 102 5 103 0 445 (c) ZnO/STO: Zn2p 101 5 455 460 102 0 102 5 103 0 445 (e) ZnO: VBM 450 455 -2 470 465 ... Intensity (arb units) 101 5 102 0 102 5 103 0 102 1.17 eV 102 0 102 5 455 460 103 0 455 460 2.44 eV 465 (f) BTO: VBM (e) ZnO: VBM -2 465 (d) ZnO/BTO: Ti 2p 457.68 eV (c) ZnO/BTO: Zn 2p 101 5 315 11 1.49 eV -2 ... eV 102 1.91 eV 101 0 450 (d) ZnO/STO: Ti2p -4 -2 Binding energy (eV) Fig Zn 2p spectra recorded on ZnO (a) and ZnO/STO (c), Ti 2p spectra on STO (b) and ZnO/STO (d), and VB spectra for ZnO (e) and...
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Ferroelectrics Characterization and Modeling Part 11 potx
... δ = −10.0 and square for δ = −50.0 (Ahmad and Ong, 2011b) 364 Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling Fig Coercive field eCF versus film thickness l for various positive δ , and temperature ... strength e0 : (a) 0.6, 1.0, 2.0 and l = 1.35; (b) 0.91, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and l = 5.0 (Ong and Ahmad, 2009) 366 Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling (a) (b) Fig 11 Hysteresis loops for various ... the Tilley – Zeks continuum Landau free energy and Landau-Khalatnikov (LK) dynamic equation (Ahmad et al., 2009; Ong and Ahmad, 2009; Ahmad and Ong, 2009; 2011a; 2011b) The surface effects, represented...
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Ferroelectrics Characterization and Modeling Part 12 pdf
... 3s and 3p states and O 2s and 2p states in BaTiO3 : (a) anisotropic Coulomb repulsions between Ti 3s and 3px ( y) states and O x ( y) 2s and 2px ( y) states, and between Ti 3s and 3pz states and ... between Ti 3s and 3pz 396 Ferroelectrics - Characterization and Modeling Ferroelectrics states and O 2pz states not favourably cause Ti ion displacement Experimentally, on the other hand, Kuroiwa ... (67) and (68), α * and β j* are expressed as j um , j , 4Q12 , j , β j* = β j + s11, j + s12, j α j* = α j − 4Q12, j s11, j + s12, j (69) where α j , β j and γ j are the Landau...
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