... substrate doping is higher It should be noted that the body effect is often important in analog circuit designs and should not be ignored without consideration To account for the body effect, ... &DS , Fig 1.15 Channel length shortening For VDs> V - v.ff \ + a Pinch-off region 26 Chapter IntegratedCircuit Devices and Modelling and has units of m/& Note that NA is used here since the n-type ... V,,, is the threshold voltage with zero Vss (i.e., source-to-substrate voltage), 28 Chapter Integrated- Circuit Devices and Modelling and The factor y is often called the body-ef/ect constant and...