... application of Markov chain for modeling the dynamic behavior of the ranging error in a typical indoor localization application which assists The material presented in this paper was partially ... [38] N A Alsindi, B Alavi, and K Pahlavan, “Spatial characteristics of UWB TOA-based ranging in indoor multipath environments,” in IEEE International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio ... Orleans, La, USA, March 2003 [40] N A Alsindi, B Alavi, and K Pahlavan, “Measurement and modeling of UWB TOA-based ranging in indoor multipath environments,” 2007, to appear in IEEE Transactions...