... vated protein kinase (MAPK)α, (b,e,h) extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) , and (c,f,i) c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) were stained in both the synovial pannus (panels a–c) and the synovial ... wild-type mice (brown staining, black arrows) In contrast, JNK was activated far less frequently and only in a few cells within synovial pannus as well as the synovial lining in hTNFtg mice In wild-type ... indicating that the intracellular effects of TNF can be inhibited This suggests that anti-TNF therapy reduces key signalling pathways in the synovial membrane, such as the MAPKs, and thereby reduces...