... ENGINEERING THE BANDGAP, FERMI LEVEL, ELECTRONIC AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF TRANSPARENT CONDUCTING OXIDES YONGLIANG ZHAO (B.Sc, NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE, SINGAPORE) A THESIS SUBMITTED ... splitting and carbon dioxide reduction, both of which strongly depend on the positions of the valence and conduction band edges Hence to modify the bandgap and also the valence and conduction band ... considering the changes of the optical bandgap and Fermi level, it is concluded that both the conduction and valence band edges shift negatively (the energy difference between the level and vacuum...