... without investigation into the links between biological molecules, in particular, protein- protein interactions (PPI) Protein- protein interactions are physical contacts between two or more proteins ... nodes are proteins and edges are protein- protein interactions Usually, a PPI network represents a collection of protein- protein interaction data in an organism For example, by incorporating all ... phenotype, we need to investigate protein- protein interaction (PPI), metabolic and gene regulation networks in addition to studying individual genes and their proteins [9, 71] Since PPI networks are available...