... between motor imagery and executed movement [39, 40, 41] Moreover, motor imagery can even lead to performance improvements for athletes, and previous studies also suggest the effectiveness of motor imagery ... motor imagery, BCI can translate motor imagery of certain actions into commands for possible orthosis to perform predefined tasks, which is illustrated by Figure 1.1 On the one hand, the motor- imagery- based ... perspective of subspace The outcomes of this study may improve the capabilities of BCI in detecting and classifying motor imagery EEG: i) with more complex underlying dynamics of motor imagery being...