... canafforditspendanestimatedR50billion[$4.8billion] a yearonprivatesecurity,suchasperimeterbarricades,armedguards and alarmsystems, a figure‘over and abovethehighinsurancecosts’ and whatvariousstateagenciesalreadyspendon‘maintainingwhatpassesforlaw and order in thecountry’.Thefear of crimehasdrivenresidents of middle-classneighbourhoodstoturntheirhomesintobunker-likefortresses,anexpensethathasdrainedmanyhouseholds of discretionaryspending.Almost a fifth of ... and trade, and advertisingwith a distinctmultinationalslant. In a trendsimilartothat in NorthAmerica,theoutlyingaffluentareashaveincreasinglyattractedcommerce,retail and leisure activities away from ... Ontheonehand,thespatialdispersal,fragmentation and decentralisation of industrial,manufacturing and commercialactivities, and of residentialpopulations,havepushedthe city boundaries outward, engulfing vacant lands and absorbing...