VEHICLES AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IMPACTS OF FUEL ETHANOL

... Carbondioxide(CO2)isabsorbedby land and vegetation through theprocessofphotosynthesis.Thenet emissions arenegative(sequestration) and substantial,offsettingapproximately884MMTCO2E,orapproximately13%oftotal emissions in2006.114Thecarbonsequestration and storageprovidedby land canbepreservedthoughsustainable land management practices, and canbeenhancedbyrestorationof land, suchasreforestationofcontaminated land. The emissions estimateforthe land basedcarbonsinkisgivenbytheInventory.Specifically,Chapter7, Land Use, Land UseChange, and Forestry,providesanassessmentofthenetGHGfluxresultingfromtheuses and changesin land types and forestsintheU.S.,includingnet emissions fromforestlandremainingforestland,croplandremainingcropland, land converted to cropland,grasslandremaininggrassland, land converted to grassland,settlementsremainingsettlements,landfillyardtrimmings, and ... Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Materials and Land Management Practices  September2009APPENDIXATECHNICALSUPPORTFOR OPPORTUNITIES TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS THROUGH MATERIALS AND LAND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Thisappendixprovidesadescriptionofthemethodologiesused to developthesystems‐basedpiechartofU.S. greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions showing materials and land management (FiguresES‐1 and 2 through 5in Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Materials and Land Management Practices) ,aswellasthemethodologiessupportingthetotaltechnicalpotentialscenarios and theGHGemissionreductionsthatcouldbeachieved through materials and land management activities.SECTIONA‐1METHODOLOGYFORCREATINGTHESYSTEMSPIECHARTS(FIGURESES‐1 AND 2 THROUGH 4)Asdescribedin Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions through Materials and Land Management Practices (the“maintext”),Figure1wasderivedfromtheInventoryofU.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:1990‐2006(“theInventory”).85TheInventorycomprehensivelyquantifiesthecountry’sprimaryanthropogenicsources and sinksofGHG emissions basedonacommon and consistentmethodologythatenablesparties to theUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC) to comparetherelativecontributionofdifferentemissionsources and GHGs to climatechange.Inaddition to reporting emissions bythestandardcategoriessetbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC)methodology,theInventorypresents emissions allocated to theeconomicsectorswheretheyareemitted.86ThisisthebasisofFigure1,with34%of emissions comingfromElectricPowerIndustrysources,28%fromTransportationsources,19%fromIndustrialsources,8%fromAgriculturesources,6%fromCommercialsources, and 5%fromResidentialsources.87Acollectionofsourcesworkingtogether to fulfillacommonneedistermeda“system.” To betterunderstand and describetheconnectionsbetween materials and land management and climatechange,thispaperpresentsa“systems‐based”perspective.Ratherthancategorizing emissions according to thesectorwheretheyareemitted, emissions arecategorizedaccording to theneeddrivingthose emissions. TherearemanypossiblecategorizationsofGHG emissions bysystem,butthesystemsherearechosen to examinetheroleof materials management and land management. Figures2 through 5showthesame2006GHG emissions asFigure1,butreallocatethe emissions bysystem,demonstratinghowmuchoftheU.S.GHG emissions areassociatedwith materials and land management practices. Thesystemsperspectiveallowsconsiderationofmitigationoptionsthatarenotasevidentinthesector‐basedview.Byconsideringthe practices thatcontribute to the emissions, notthephysical emissions source,wecanseewherechangesin practices upstreamhavethemostpotential to reduce ... Ton=Timeperiodoftransition,defaultis1yearforcarbonlossesAlthoughthisequationissimilartotheequationusedtoestimatecarbonlossesinDOM(seebelow),itisnotinaccordancewiththe2006IPCCGuidelines.Theguidelinesrecommendagreaterdegreeofdisaggregationoflandusedatabyclimateandsoiltype.Theequationaboverepresentsasimplificationofthevariabilityofcarboncontentsinsoilthatexistsonregionalandnationalscales.Thesoilcarbonstockfortheoldlandusecategory(Cso)wasbasedoninformationfordifferentecosystemtypespresentedinthe2000IPCCreportonLandUse,LanduseChange,andForestry.117Thesoilcarbonstockforthenewlandusecategoryofsettlements(Csn)wasbasedonafractionofCso.Forforestlandandgrassland,thefractionwas0.5andforcropland,thefractionwas0.8.GuoandGifford(2002)observedthatlandusechangesofforestlandtocroplandandpasturelandtocroplandresultedinsoilcarbondecreasesof42 %and5 9%,respectively.118Theestimateforthisprojectassumesthattheconversionofforestlandorgrasslandtourbanlandisequivalenttoaconversiontocropland(boremoveexistingvegetationandcausesignificantsoildisturbance);therefore,GuoandGiffordsworksupportsthiseffortsestimationofa50%lossassociatedwiththisconversion.Itisestimatedthatsoilsunderforestsorgrasslandswillloseapproximately50%oftheoriginalorganiccarbonwhenthelandisconvertedtodevelopedland.Theselossesareaconsequenceofboththeremovalofsurfacesoils (to providesuitablebuildingfoundation)andnaturaloxidationwhenthesoilisgradedfollowingremovalofthevegetativecover.Lossesfromcroplandsareonlyexpectedtobe20%becausethesesoilsalreadyundergoperiodictillageandthemajorityofnaturaloxidationwillalreadyhaveoccurred.AliteraturereviewforthisprojectdidnotidentifyotherstudiescomparabletoGuoandGifford(2002)thatestimatedsoilcarbonlossesassociatedwithconvertingcroplandtourbanland.Therefore,the20%soilcarbonlossestimatefordevelopmentofcroplandintourbanlandisbasedonbestprofessionaljudgment.th...

... offers some additional, if smaller, potential for E and GHG gains (and again data for the Canadian food system is lacking) and a significant body of literature has examined relative E and GHG efficiency ... those of the stakeholders involved in the survey, namely the Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada, the Organic Value Chain Roundtable and Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. References and Notes ... comparisons is that the gap between organic and conventional in regard to these measures remains constant. Organic recidivism is low and the demands of annual inspection mean that most practices,...

... 2010 AVAILABLE AND EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES FOR REDUCING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM THE PULP AND PAPER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY 28 and paper mill WWTP residuals ... available to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the pulp and paper manufacturing industry at this time. Because the primary GHG emitted by the pulp and paper manufacturing industry include ... http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/index.html and industry- specific guidance for the pulp and paper sector entitled Calculation Tools for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Pulp and Paper Mills, which was developed by the National...

... thousands more available at http://www.nap.edu Assessing and Managing the Ecological Impacts of Paved Roads http://books.nap.edu/catalog/11535.html2 Assessing and Managing the Impacts of Paved Roads ... at http://www.nap.edu Assessing and Managing the Ecological Impacts of Paved Roads http://books.nap.edu/catalog/11535.html6 Assessing and Managing the Impacts of Paved Roads cause a shift in ... Impacts of Paved Roads http://books.nap.edu/catalog/11535.html8 Assessing and Managing the Impacts of Paved Roads Ecological effects of roads at local scales (within a few kilometers of the...

... emissions benefits are examined simultaneously. Existing studies on this topic often focus on the impact of dietary choices either on energy and emissions or on the availability of land, e.g., in ... accounting Definition of the goal and scope for energy accounting in conventional agriculture in Austria In line with the goal definition and principles of LCA (ISO, 2006) and following the approach ... change in diet has on land use patterns, energy demand, and greenhouse gas emissions of agricultural production. This study calculates the amount of energy and emission savings as well as changes...

... article as: Fazeni and Steinmüller: Impact of changes in diet on the availability of land, energy demand, and greenhouse gas emissions of agriculture. Energy, Sustainability and Society 2011 1:6.Submit ... examined simultaneously. Existing studies on thistopic often focus on the impact of dietary choices either on energy and emissions or on the availability of land, e.g., in the studies conducted ... emissions and renewable energy benefits. The novelty of this work is that the impacts of dietarychoices on the availability of land for renewable energy production and the positive CED and emissions...

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... VEHICLES AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS IMPACTS OF FUEL ETHANOL INSTRUCTOR: Dr. PHẠM QUANG DỰTEAM: NGUYỄN HUỲNH HƯNG MỸVÕ ... tínhI.2 Tình hình sử dụng cồn nhiên liệu của các nước trên thế giới CountrySpecifications of ethanol fuel HA:;2 F2:2A2VIHI6F*?4(H;:(follow ASTM D 4806)W7?G-4(follow ... index)y;kU0F\5$EQz>f5;D,4&-4k04.k0B:CchC3>g'2C>E3:f>Zy;F\wD`$; F\{&-4tG&4-4t&44$fJXng gasohol 92:F\{&-ì%4&+*tG&4ì*&+%t&4ìG%&+% {-&|ZXng th trng M92:F\{&-ì%&(*tG&4ì(4&+t&4ìG+&?*{?%&*|Z5....