Unconventional fracturing fluids what, where and why

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... Laboratorycapillarypressuremeasurementssupplygoodapproximationsoftheirreduciblewatersaturationthatwouldnormallybeexpected,butactualreservoirwatersaturationcanbesubstantiallylower,i.e.,asub‐irreduciblelevel.Thehighcapillarypressureassociatedwithlow‐permeabilitymicroporousreservoirsisillustratedinFigure1.Measuredcapillarypressurevaluesforfourrockswithpermeabilityfrom0.001to1.0mDarepresentedtoillustratethegreaterimbibitioneffectsofwaterinlower‐permeabilityformations.Thecapillarypressureofthe0.001‐mDcoreat40%watersaturationis325psigreaterthanthatofthe0.01‐mDcoreatinitialsaturation.Thisillustratesthehighercapillarypressureavailableintighterreservoirstoimbibe and trapaqueousliquidsduetocapillaryimbibition.Injectingwater‐based fracturing fluids intoahigh‐capillarityreservoirresultsinthecreationofazoneofhighwatersaturationinthenear‐wellboreornear‐fracturefacearea.TherelativepermeabilitycurvesinFigure2showhowincreasingwatersaturationabovetheirreduciblewatersaturationresultsinadramaticdecreaseingasrelativepermeability.Gasproductionresultsintheaffectedzonerevertingtotheirreduciblewatersaturationdictatedbythecapillaryeffectsofthesystem and notthesub‐irreduciblesaturationthatexistedbefore.Theneteffectisthatthecriticalproducingareaofthewellretainstheincreasedwatersaturation,aloweredrelativepermeabilitytogas and thereforelowerproductivity.Severaldiagnostictechniquesareavailabletoestimatetheseeffects(Gupta,2009).Thesecorrelationscanbeusedtoestimatecompatibilityoftheformationtowater‐based fracturing fluids. Thesearejustguidelines, and exceptionsabound,particularlyforover‐pressuredreservoirs where thecapillaryimbibitioneffectscanbeovercomeinarelativelyshorttimeframe(Bennionetal.,1996). Fracturing Fluids Conventional fracturing fluids includewater‐based and polymer‐containing fluids, hydrocarbon‐based fluids, energized fluids and foams.Thesearenotcoveredinthispaper. Unconventional fracturing fluids includenon‐polymer‐containing fluids suchasviscoelasticsurfactant fluids, methanol‐containing fluids, liquidCO2‐based fluids and liquefiedpetroleumgas‐based fluids. Themostcost‐effectivesolutionistofracturetheformationwiththesimplestof fluids. Low‐ ... Laboratorycapillarypressuremeasurementssupplygoodapproximationsoftheirreduciblewatersaturationthatwouldnormallybeexpected,butactualreservoirwatersaturationcanbesubstantiallylower,i.e.,asub‐irreduciblelevel.Thehighcapillarypressureassociatedwithlow‐permeabilitymicroporousreservoirsisillustratedinFigure1.Measuredcapillarypressurevaluesforfourrockswithpermeabilityfrom0.001to1.0mDarepresentedtoillustratethegreaterimbibitioneffectsofwaterinlower‐permeabilityformations.Thecapillarypressureofthe0.001‐mDcoreat40%watersaturationis325psigreaterthanthatofthe0.01‐mDcoreatinitialsaturation.Thisillustratesthehighercapillarypressureavailableintighterreservoirstoimbibe and trapaqueousliquidsduetocapillaryimbibition.Injectingwater‐based fracturing fluids intoahigh‐capillarityreservoirresultsinthecreationofazoneofhighwatersaturationinthenear‐wellboreornear‐fracturefacearea.TherelativepermeabilitycurvesinFigure2showhowincreasingwatersaturationabovetheirreduciblewatersaturationresultsinadramaticdecreaseingasrelativepermeability.Gasproductionresultsintheaffectedzonerevertingtotheirreduciblewatersaturationdictatedbythecapillaryeffectsofthesystem and notthesub‐irreduciblesaturationthatexistedbefore.Theneteffectisthatthecriticalproducingareaofthewellretainstheincreasedwatersaturation,aloweredrelativepermeabilitytogas and thereforelowerproductivity.Severaldiagnostictechniquesareavailabletoestimatetheseeffects(Gupta,2009).Thesecorrelationscanbeusedtoestimatecompatibilityoftheformationtowater‐based fracturing fluids. Thesearejustguidelines, and exceptionsabound,particularlyforover‐pressuredreservoirs where thecapillaryimbibitioneffectscanbeovercomeinarelativelyshorttimeframe(Bennionetal.,1996). Fracturing Fluids Conventional fracturing fluids includewater‐based and polymer‐containing fluids, hydrocarbon‐based fluids, energized fluids and foams.Thesearenotcoveredinthispaper. Unconventional fracturing fluids includenon‐polymer‐containing fluids suchasviscoelasticsurfactant fluids, methanol‐containing fluids, liquidCO2‐based fluids and liquefiedpetroleumgas‐based fluids. Themostcost‐effectivesolutionistofracturetheformationwiththesimplestof fluids. Low‐ ... November.Bennion,D.B.,Thomas,F.B., and Bietz,R.F.,1996a,LowPermeabilityGasReservoirs:Problems,Opportunities and SolutionsforDrilling,Completion,Stimulation and Production,paperSPE35577,presentedatSPEGasTechnologyConference,Calgary,AB,Canada,28April‐1May.Bennion,D.B.,Thomas,F.B.,Bietz,R.F., and Bennion,D.W.,1996b,Water and HydrocarbonPhaseTrappinginPorousMedia,Diagnosis,Prevention and Treatment,JCPT,December.Boothe,J.E., and Martin,F.D.,1977,ThickenedAlcoholWellTreatingCompositions,U.S.PatentNo.4,012,327.Bullen,R.S.,Mzik,J.,Richard,J.P,1987,NovelcompositionssuitableforTreatingDeepWells,U.S.PatentNo.4,701,270.Crema,S.C., and Alm,R.R.1985,FoamingofAnhydrousMethanolForWellStimulation,paperSPE13565,presentedatSPEOilField and GeothermalChemistrySymposium,Pheonix,Arizona,9‐11March.Dahanayake,M.S.,Yang,J.,Niu,J.H.Y.,Derian,P.J.,Li,R., and Dino,D.,2004,Viscoelasticsurfactant fluids and relatedmethodsofuse,U.S.PatentNo.6,831,108.diLulloArias,G.F.,Rae,P., and Ahmad,A.J.K.,2002,Viscousfluidapplicablefortreatingsubterraneanformations,U.S.PatentNo.6,491,099.Ely,J.W.,1994,StimulationEngineeringHandbook,PennWellBooks,Tulsa,OK.Gupta,D.V.S.,2003,FieldApplicationof Unconventional FoamTechnology:ExtensionofLiquidCO2Technology,paperSPE84119,presentedatSPEAnnualTechnicalConference and Exhibition,Denver,Colorado,5‐8October.Gupta,D.V.S.,2009, Unconventional Fracturing Fluids forTightGasReservoirs,paperSPE119424,presentedatSPEHydraulic Fracturing TechnologyConference,TheWoodlands,Texas,19‐21January.Gupta,D.V.S., and Bobier,D.M.,1998,TheHistory and SuccessofLiquidCO2 and CO2/N2 Fracturing System,paperSPE40016,presentedatSPEGasTechnologyConference,Calgary,AB,Canada,15‐18March.Gupta,D.V.S., and Carman,P.S.,2011,AssociativePolymerSystemExtendstheTemperatureRangeofSurfactantGelFrac Fluids, paperSPE141260,presentedatSPEInternationalSymposiumonOilfieldChemistry,TheWoodlands,Texas,11‐13April,2011.Gupta,D.V.S., and Hlidek,B.T.,2009,FracFluidRecycling and WaterConservation:ACaseStudy,paperSPE119478,presentedatSPEHydraulic Fracturing TechnologyConference,TheWoodlands,Texas,19‐21January. Unconventional Fracturing Fluids : What, Where and Why D.V. Satya Gupta Tomball Technology Center â 2010...

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