... structure of, 8 use of comments, 103 use of indentation, 103 writing, 103 C++, 8 C: ANSI standard, 8, 101 characteristics of, 7 history of, 8 introduction to, 7 K&R, 8 portability, ... I42 Analyzing a line of text, 286 And, bitwise operator (a),4 28, 429 ANSI standard, C, 8, I0 I Applications programming, 7 Area of a circle, 9-I8 Areasofcircles, 9, 10, 11, ... 176, 179 and macro definitions, 460 array, 193 command line, 450 formal, 176 passing by reference, 249, 25 1, 284 passing by value, 188 , 189 passing to a function, 188 , 2 48 structure,...