Modeling of Combustion Systems A Practical Approach 2 pptx

... 8. 329 54.5 3.94 2. 258 2. 180 13.40 23 .59 35.4 8 .21 3.00 20 … … 0 .25 0 8. 125 51.8 6.58 2. 258 2. 127 22 .36 22 .48 57.7 13.39 2. 9 62 30 … … 0 .27 7 8.071 51 .2 7 .26 2. 258 2. 113 24 .70 22 .18 63.4 14.69 2. 95340 ... (in.) Area (ft)© 20 06 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC564 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach 521 .40.495493.680005. 72& quot ;2/ 1 72 0 02. 48.406971.780057. 72& quot;4/3 72 6 72. 48.516569.780000. 82& quot; 82 ... LLC570 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE B.3K FactorsContractions1. Sudden Contraction 5.0 K 2. Inward Projection 78.0 K3. Gradual Contraction T 22 .5if1sin 2 1 22 .5if1sin54 2 4 2 4°°°¯°°°®q!»»¼º««¬ª¸¸¹·¨¨©§¸¸¹·¨¨©§qd»»¼º««¬ª¸¸¹·¨¨©§¸¸¹·¨¨©§...

... (Dry) Waste GasesNatural Gas LPGCrackedGasCokingGasReformingGasFCCGasRefinery GasSample 1Refinery GasSample 2 PSAGasFlexicokingGasTulsa Alaska Netherlands Algeria Propane ButaneCH493.4% ... LLCFuel and Combustion Properties 543TABLE A. 4© 20 06 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC534 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE A. 1Physical Constants of Typical Gaseous ... 197380 126 283OC© 20 06 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC536 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE A. 2 (CONTINUED) Combustion Data for Hydrocarbons (Continued)Hydrocarbon...

... kinetic lbm ft 2 /sec 2 kg m 2 /sec 2 1 2 2 Energy, potential lbm ft 2 /sec 2 kg m 2 /sec 2 1 2 2 Enthalpy, molar Btu/lbmol W/kgmol –1 1 2 2 Enthalpy, specific Btu/lbm W/kg 2 2 Enthalpy, volumetric ... molar Btu/lbmol W/kgmol –1 1 2 2 Gas constant, universal psia ft3/lbmol °R m3 kPa/kgmol K –1 1 2 2 –1Heat Btu/h W 1 2 –3 Heat capacity, molar Btu/lbmol °F J/mol K–1 1 2 2 –1Heat capacity, ... Group, LLC576 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE C .2 (continued)Unit Dimensions for Some Combustion- Related QuantitiesGeneric Name ExamplesExponentsMoles Mass Length...

... -4 +2 +449In114.818-18-18-3+386Rn (22 2)- 32- 18-8085At (21 0)- 32- 18-784Po (20 9)- 32- 18-6 +2 +483Bi 20 8.98038- 32- 18-5+3+5 82 Pb 20 7 .2 - 32- 18-4 +2 +481Tl 20 4.3833- 32- 18-3+1+31H1.007941+1-11GroupIA30Zn65.409-8-18 -2 +2 29Cu63.546-8-18-1+1 +2 28Ni58.6934-8-16 -2 +2 +3 27 Co58.93 320 0-8-15 -2 26Fe55.845-8-14 -2 +2 +3 25 Mn54.938049-8-13 -2 +2 +3+4+7 24 Cr51.9961-8-13-1 +2 +3+6 23 V50.9415-8-11 -2 +2 +3+4+5 22 Ti47.867-8-10 -2 +2 +3+4 21 Sc44.955910-8-9 -2 +3 20 Ca40.078-8-8 -2 +2 19K39.0983-8-8-1+1 +2 +34Be9.0 121 82 2 -2 +2 3Li6.941 2- 1+1 12 Mg 24 .3050 2- 8 -2 +2 11Na 22 .989770 2- 8-1+1 2 IIA3IIIAIIIB4IVAIVB5VAVB6VIAVIB7VIIAVIIB11IBIB 12 IIBIIB109VIIIAVIII848Cd1 12. 411-18-18 -2 +2 47Ag107.86 82 -18-18-1+146Pd106. 42 -18-18-0 +2 +345Rh1 02. 90550-18-16-144Ru101.07-18-15-1+343Tc(98)-18-13 -2 42 Mo95.94-18-13-1+641Nb 92. 90638-18- 12- 1+3+540Zr91 .22 4-18-10 -2 +439Y88.90585-18-9 -2 +338Sr87. 62 -18-8 -2 +2 37Rb85.4678-18-8-1+1+380Hg 20 0.59- 32- 18 -2 +1 +2 79Au196.96655- 32- 18-1+1+378Pt195.078- 32- 17-1 +2 +477Ir1 92. 217- 32- 15 -2 76Os190 .23 - 32- 14 -2 +3+475Re186 .20 7- 32- 13 -2 74W183.84- 32- 12- 2+673Ta180.9479- 32- 11 -2 +5 72 Hf178.49- 32- 10 -2 +457*La138.9055-18-9 -2 +356Ba137. 327 -18-8 -2 +2 55Cs1 32. 90545-18-8-1+1+3+4110Ds (27 1)- 32- 16 -2 109Mt (26 8)- 32- 15 -2 108Hs (27 7)- 32- 14 -2 107Bh (26 4)- 32- 13 -2 106Sg (26 6)- 32- 12- 2105Db (26 2)- 32- 11 -2 104Rf (26 1)- 32- 10 -2 +489**Ac (22 7)-18-9 -2 +388Ra (22 6)-18-8 -2 +2 87Fr (22 3)-18-8-1+1+4+6+7+4+6+771Lu174.967- 32- 9 -2 +370Yb173.04- 32- 8 -2 +2 +369Tm168.93 421 -31-8 -2 +368Er167 .25 9-30-8 -2 +367Ho164.930 32 -29 -8 -2 +366Dy1 62. 500 -28 -8 -2 +365Tb158. 925 34 -27 -8 -2 +364Gd157 ... Lanthanides+397Bk (24 7) -27 -8 -2 96Cm (24 7) -25 -9 -2 95Am (24 3) -25 -8 -2 94Pu (24 4) -24 -8 -2 93Np (23 7) -22 -9 -2 92 U 23 8. 028 91 -21 -9 -2 91Pa 23 1.03588 -20 -9 -2 +5+490Th 23 2.0381-18-10 -2 +4 +2 +3** Actinides103Lr (26 2)- 32- 8-3+31 02 No (25 9)- 32- 8 -2 +2 +3101Md (25 8)-31-8 -2 +2 +3100Fm (25 7)-30-8 -2 +399Es (25 2) -29 -8 -2 +398Cf (25 1) -28 -8 -2 +3+3+4+3+4+5+6+3+4+5+6+3+3+4+5+6+3+4+5+6The ... 174.967Magnesium Mg 12 24.305 gManganese mn 25 54.9380© 20 06 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC580 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach TABLE D. 2A (continued)Standard Atomic...

... 3 .20 3.09 3.01 2. 95 2. 90 2. 85 2. 72 2.65 2. 60 2. 57 2. 51 2. 46 2. 4090% 3 .23 2. 86 2. 66 2. 54 2. 45 2. 39 2. 34 2. 30 2. 27 2. 25 2. 17 2. 12 2.10 2. 08 2. 04 2. 01 1.97 12 99% 9.33 6.93 5.95 5.41 5.06 4. 82 ... 3.37 3 .28 3 .21 3.08 2. 98 2. 8795% 4.54 3.68 3 .29 3.06 2. 90 2. 79 2. 71 2. 64 2. 59 2. 54 2. 40 2. 33 2. 28 2. 25 2. 18 2. 12 2.0790% 3.07 2. 70 2. 49 2. 36 2. 27 2. 21 2. 16 2. 12 2.09 2. 06 1.97 1. 92 1.89 1.87 ... 3.60 3.51 3 .23 3.08 2. 98 2. 92 2.78 2. 68 2. 5795% 4.41 3.55 3.16 2. 93 2. 77 2. 66 2. 58 2. 51 2. 46 2. 41 2. 27 2. 19 2. 14 2. 11 2. 04 1.98 1. 92 90% 3.01 2. 62 2. 42 2 .29 2. 20 2. 13 2. 08 2. 04 2. 00 1.98 1.89...

... easier.TABLE F.3Positional Number Representation in Base 2 (e.g., 1110.11 2 = 14.75)Exponent … 321 0. –1 2 –3…Exponential notation … 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 .2 –1 2 2 2–3…Decimal notation … 8 421 . 1 /21 /41/8…Binary ... E 16 32 111015 F 17 33 111116 10 20 100 10000© 20 06 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC610 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach Base 2 is ideal for constructing factorial designs ... same routineas before. However, we can take a shortcut whenever two bases are relatedby the formula base B = base (A) n where A, B, and n are integers. In such a case, we may group the base...

... 614 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach Usually, one defines a reaction coordinate known as the conversion (xk),having the property that for species k the reaction starts at ... is a constantand Nk is a variable. We may also write(G.6)For constant density, we have, where [k] is the concentration of species k, and [k0] is the starting concentra-tion. We may ... Primer 615We may also substitute mole fractions for concentrations using(G.11)For combustion in furnaces, the ideal gas law applies:(G. 12) where are the total moles of the reaction. This gives(G.13)We...

... reactant, the double-headed arrow (↔) meansthat both the forward and reverse reactions occur (typically at different rates),k is an index from 1 to n products, pk is the number of moles of ... Ifwe wish to express Keq in terms of mole fraction rather than concentrationfor gases, then, using the ideal gas law, we obtain(H.3)rr pp11 22 11 22 RR PP++↔++$$rpjjjmkkknR==∑∑↔11PKpprrk=⎡⎣⎤⎦⎡⎣⎤⎦⎡⎣⎤⎦⎡⎣⎤⎦=⎡⎣⎤⎦PPRRP 12 12 12 12 $$ppknjrjmkj==∏∏⎡⎣⎤⎦11RKPRTyyyyss ... 617Appendix HEquilibrium PrimerConsider a general reaction:or equivalently(H.1)Here, j is an index from 1 to m reactants, rj refers to the number of moles of the jth reactant, Rj...

... 2 =−3 321 123 3 321 331 122 322 13()−−()+−()aaa aa aaa aaaaaaaaaaa a aaaa11 12 13 21 22 23 31 32 3311 22 23 32 33= −− +a aaaa a aaaa 21 12 13 32 3331 12 13 22 23 aaaaaaaaaaaaaaa11 12 13 14 21 22 23 24 31 ... 32 33 3441 42 443 4411 22 23 24 32 33 34 42 43 44 21 1 a aaaaaaaaaa a a=− 22 1314 32 33 34 42 43 4431 12 13 14 22 aaaaaaaa a aaaaa+ 22 3 24 42 43 4441 12 13 14 22 23 24 32 33 a aaa a aaaaaaaa−aa34© ... ax axx ax=+ + + + +01 122 111 2 12 1 2 22 2 2 xxy 12 =φ(,)xxy 22 1=φ (,)aaxaxaxaxxaxy01 122 111 2 12 1 2 22 2 2 0+++ + + −=() ( ) ( )ax a axx ax ax a y 22 2 2 21 2 12 111 2 11 00++ + + +−=Aa= 2 2Ba...

... 18% 20 % 22 % 24 %yyywetdryH2OOO=−1 2 2,,© 20 06 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC138 Modeling of Combustion Systems: A Practical Approach (2. 1 6a) (2. 16b)TWP is the volumetric flue-gas-to-fuel ... + 1 /2 O 2 → CO + ψ /2 H 2 (2. 1)© 20 06 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLCever, smaller rectangular slots may have manufacturing advantages. In prac-than larger ones. Appendix A, Table A. 4 gives ... Combustion 139 (2. 21b)where TDPw and TWPw [ ] are the mass ratios of total dry and wet productsto fuel, respectively. Then the mass fractions become (2. 2 2a) (2. 22b) (2. 2 3a) (2. 23b) (2. 2 4a) (2. 24b) (2. 25)The...