... http://www.ebook.edu.vn 11 1 4 .1. 2 Characteristics 4 .1. 2 .1 The presupposition of an utterance remains the same under its NEGATION: (1) a. ‘John stopped smoking. (1) b. ‘John didn’t stop smoking.’ (1) a-b ... [Palmer, 19 81: 10 5] At some deeper (non-superficial) level, however, B’s contribution should not in fact be anomalous for “implicatures (as we shall see) are deniable.” [Levinson, 19 83: 10 5] (14 ) ... conversation may proceed” [Palmer, 19 81: 17 3], and its maxims, which are “guidelines for the efficient and effective use of language in conversation” [Levinson, 19 83: 10 1], are expressed as follows:...