... proteins, including receptors and cytokines such as inter-leukin-1b. The present work reviewed the role of neuroinflammatorymediators in the pathophysiology of ischemic brain damage and their poten-tial ... recovery and repair. Within hoursafter the ischemic insult, increased levels of cytokines and chemokinesenhance the expression of adhesion molecules on cerebral endothelial cells,facilitating the ... target(Fig. 1). Indeed, IL-1ra reduces brain injury in animalmodels of cerebral ischemia and, in a recent random-ized clinical trial, intravenous administration of recombinant human IL-1ra in patients...