... series of post-specimen lenses. The objective lens produces the first
image of the object and is, therefore, required to be the most perfect
of
the
lenses. Depending on how the beams reaching the ... TEM operation are differentiated by the schematic ray dia-
266
Characterization
of
Thin Films
l2
of the typical
SEM
is shown in Fig.
6- 7.
Electrons ther...
... certainty, nor are they easily
estimated
in
the capillarity theory. The uncertainties are now in
i*
and
E;,.
One of the important applications
of
this theory has been to the subject
of
epitaxy, ...
5.3.1.
The Walton
-
Rhodin Theory
Atomistic theories
of
nucleation describe the role
of
individual atoms and
associations of small numbers of atoms during...
... and the ability to characterize struc-
ture-property relationships. Thus the spirit
of
materials science
of
thin
films -the theme and title
of
this book-is preserved in microcosm within ... properties, i.e.,
soft
magnetic materials for the recording and
playback head components and hard magnetic materials for the storage media.
The magnetic properties
of
s...
... among the most
frequently consulted references in the field of materials. Unless noted other-
Contents
vii
Chapter
6
Characterization of Thin Films
249
6. 1. Introduction
249
6. 2. ... discipline of materials science and engineer-
ing. A dramatic increase in our understanding of the fundamental nature of
materials throughout much of the twentieth...
...
in
the
presence
of
an
applied field.
logarithm of the rate is plotted on the ordinate and the reciprocal of the
absolute temperature is plotted along the abscissa. The slope of the resulting ... continuous
state of random motion, which is intimately dependent on the temperature
of
the gas. During their motion the gas particles collide with each other a...
... view
of
the
MOS
field effect transistor structure
in
Fig.
4-1
indicates the extent to which the technology is employed. Above the plane of
the base P-Si wafer, all
of
the films with the ... indicative of the
excellent properties of ICB films. Among the advantages of ICB deposition are
vacuum cleanliness
(-
lo-’
torr in the chamber) of evaporatio...
...
Blakely,
Thin
Solid
Films
25,
363 ,
1975).
364
Interdiffusion and Reactions in Thin
Films
the mathematical theories of
GB
diffusion including discussions of transport in
these different ... array of Fig.
7-26a
reflects the sixfold symmetry of
the (111) plane, and the six fainter spots in between are the result of the
(7
x
7)
surface reconstructi...
... Again on the basis of
384
interdiffusion and Reactions in Thin Films
considering the second term on the right-hand side of
Eq.
8- 26.
For the
polarity shown, all terms in parentheses are ... If the normal tensile stress
ax
=
F/A,
then the
force resolved on these shear planes is
F
cos 45
=
fi
/2
F.
The area of the
shear planes is
A
/cos 45
=
2/...
... by the
rupture of the ultrathin tunnel barrier due to the mismatch in thermal expansion
between Pb alloys and the Si substrate on which the device is built. During
temperature cycling the thermal ... overall capacitance is the product of the two
individual (oxide and semiconductor) capacitances divided by their sum.) Note
that now the bands bend the other way -the...
...
traversed the optical thickness,
nld,
of the film. The total path difference,
2n1d, implies a phase
6
of amount
6
=
(27r/X)@ath difference), and there-
fore
6
=
4an1d/X.
The portion of the ... layer known as the penetration depth
A,.
The London theory
of
superconductivity indicates that
(
10-34)
5 26
Optical Properties
of
Thin Films
however,...