Applications of Environmental Chemistry: A Practical Guide for Environmental Professionals - Chpater 3 ppsx

... WaterSoil CO 2 3. 5 Acidity and AlkalinityBackgroundAcidityAlkalinityImportance of AlkalinityCriteria and Standards for AlkalinityCalculating Alkalinity Calculating Changes in Alkalinity, ... of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0Printed on acid-free paper Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Weiner, Eugene R. Applications of environmental chemistry: a practical guide for ... state has tables of waterquality standards for each classified water body. In addition to standards for environmental waters,there are standards for treated drinking water as delivered from a water...

... (electronegativity of C = 2.5; electronegativity of H = 2.1) all alkanes are nonpolarbecause of their bond geometry. In the straight-chain alkanes (called normal-alkanes),as the alkane carbon chain becomes ... also affects polarizability. Elongated molecules are more polarizable than compact molecules.Thus, a linear alkane is more polarizable than a branched alkane of the same molecular weight.All atoms ... to randomize configura-tions. Gases are always the higher temperature form of any substance and are the most randomizedstate of matter. If the temperature of a gas is lowered enough, every gas...

... AlkalinityBackgroundAcidity AlkalinityImportance of AlkalinityCriteria and Standards for AlkalinityCalculating Alkalinity Calculating Changes in Alkalinity, Carbonate, and pH 3. 6 HardnessBackgroundCalculating ... concentration of CaCO 3 .Example 3. 3 A groundwater sample contains 30 0 mg/L of bicarbonate at pH = 10.0. Calculate the carbonatealkalinity as CaCO 3 .Rules of Thumb 1. Alkalinity is the mg/L of CaCO 3 ... productivewaterfowl habitats correlate with increased alkalinity above 25 mg/L as CaCO 3 .CRITERIA AND STANDARDS FOR ALKALINITYNaturally occurring levels of alkalinity reaching at least 400 mg/L as CaCO 3 ...

... Gravity pulls water downward.2. Water pressure in the aquifer acts upward against gravity. 3. Capillary forces at the interface between the saturated and unsaturated zones also actupward against ... 3- ring aromatic hydrocarbons. Using calibration standards for the water-soluble fractionsimproves the accuracy of identifying water sample contaminants.L 135 4/ch05/Frame Page 133 Tuesday, April ... part of a branch of environmental investigations known as environmental forensics.One of the most common applications of environmental forensics is identifying the sources of fuel contamination....