... e -government initiatives, both service providers and users are increasingly requir-ing spatial data around-the-clock and in a form that readily integrates with other information. The growth of Web-based ... using the locational or spatial element for trans-forming data into information, thereby giving it meaning. As we have seen already,the traditional way of storing, analyzing, and presenting ... are 1:1 250 , 12 ,50 0, and 1:10,000 for large-scale mapping and1 :50 ,000 for small-scale mapping.Fundamentally, maps use three basic symbol types to represent real-world fea-tures: points, lines,...